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1942 Israel RARE MANUAL Jewish TWO INCH MORTAR Hebrew NOTRIM Book WEAPON GUIDE

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Seller: judaica-bookstore ✉️ (2,810) 100%, Location: TEL AVIV, IL, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 285677430401 1942 Israel RARE MANUAL Jewish TWO INCH MORTAR Hebrew NOTRIM Book WEAPON GUIDE.

DESCRIPTION : Here for sale is an ultra rare richly illustrated Jewish - Judaica - Hebrew book ( Namely - manual ) ,  a guide book for the usage of the 2" MPRTAR for the members of the "NOTRIM" , The Jewish-Hebrew members of the Supernumerary Police during the British Mandate period in Eretz Israel ( Then also refered to as PALESTINE ) . The book was  previously published in Haifa Eretz Israel in 1939 for the use of the NOTRIM , The Supernumerary Police.   However , Later on , In 1942 , This MANUAL - GUIDE has served  also the  "PALMACH" and "HAGANAH", The Jewish-Hebrew members of the pre IDF - ZAHAL military UNDERGROUND GROUPS during the British Mandate period in Eretz Israel ( Then also refered to as PALESTINE ) . The original Hebrew MANUAL - GUIDE book was published in Haifa Eretz Israel in 1942 by the "HANOTER - THE NOTER" for the usage of the SOLDIERS - WARRIORS.  It's a thorough Hebrew guide for training of usage, aiming, Firing of the " 2" MORTAR "  in BATTLE and TRAINING named " MORTAR ( 2 - INCH ) - SMALL ARMS TRAINING ". Hebrew. Illustrated   . Original wrappers.  6.5 x 4.5" . 24  pp with illustrations . Very good condition . 3 filing holes which don't penetrate the book itself . Very nicely preserved copy for its 80 years of age .( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images ) Will be sent inside a protective rigid packaging.

 AUTHENTICITY : This is an ORIGINAL vintage 1942 ( dated ) book , NOT a reproduction or a reprint  , It holds a life long GUARANTEE for its AUTHENTICITY and ORIGINALITY.   PAYMENTS : Payment method accepted : Paypal &  All credit cards. SHIPPMENT : SHIPP worldwide via registered airmail $ 25 . Will be sent inside a protective packaging . Handling around  5-10 days after payment.  The Notrim (Hebrew: נוטרים ‎ , lit. Guards ; singular: Noter ) were a Jewish Police Force set up by the British in the British Mandate of Palestine in 1936. The force was divided into Supernumerary Police and highly mobile Settlement Police. Members were recruited almost entirely from the Haganah. After World War II, the Notrim became the core of the Israeli Military Police. History in World War II On 6 August 1940 Anthony Eden, the British Secretary of War, informed Parliament that the Cabinet had decided to recruit Arab and Jewish units as battalions of the Royal East Kent Regiment (the "Buffs"). At a luncheon with Chaim Weizmann on 3 September , Winston Churchill approved the large-scale recruitment of Jewish forces in Palestine and the training of their officers. A further 10,000 men (no more that 3,000 from Palestine) were to be recruited to Jewish units in the British Army for training in the United Kingdom. Faced with Field Marshall Rommel's advance in Egypt, the British government decided on 15 April , 1941 that the 10,000 Jews dispersed in the single defense companies of the Buffs should be prepared for war service at the battalion level and that another 10,000 should also be mobilized along with 6,000 Supernumerary Police and 40,000 to 50,000 home guard. The plans were approved by Field Marshall John Dill. The Special Operations Executive in Cairo approved a Haganah proposal for guerilla activities in northern Palestine led by the Palmach, as part of which Yitzhak Sadeh devised Plan North for an armed enclave in the Carmel range from which the Yishuv could defend the region and attack Nazi communications and supply lines, if necessary. British intelligence also trained a small radio network under Moshe Dayan to act as spy cells in the event of a German invasion (Israeli and Penkower, 2002, pp. 112-113).The Jewish Supernumerary Police (sometimes referred to as Jewish Auxiliary Police) were a branch of the Guards (Notrim ) set up by the British in Mandate Palestine in June 1936. Around 22,000 Notrim were appointed, armed and equipped by the British to act as a protective militia for Jewish settlements. This force "soon became a legal cover for the Haganah and an increasingly effective shield against Arab forays". The British authorities gradually expanded the Supernumerary Police from 6,000 to 14,000. Those trained became the nucleus of the Haganah, which itself became the main constituent of the Israel Defense Forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The other branch of the Notrim was an élite mobile force known as the Jewish Settlement Police. The Ordnance SBML two-inch mortar, or more commonly, the "two-inch mortar", was a British mortar issued to the British Army and the Commonwealth armies, that saw use during the Second World War and later. It was more portable than larger mortars, and had greater range and firepower than rifle grenades. Contents 1 History 2 Specifications 3 Variations 4 Ammunition type (plus round weight and colour) 5 Modern variants 5.1 Specifications 6 Users 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography History[edit] The two-inch mortar was one of a number of small mortars brought into service by European nations between the two World Wars. Due to its small size, and for simplicity, the mortar had no forward strut or bipod like larger designs needed. The barrel was held at the correct angle by one soldier while the other loaded and fired the round. The original design had a large base plate and sights for aiming which used spirit levels. As the design matured, the baseplate became smaller and the sights were omitted. Aiming was by eye and relied on the firer's judgment and experience. With such a short barrel the normal firing method, where the bomb was dropped down the tube and a pin in the base of the barrel struck the detonator in the tail of the bomb, would not work, so firing was by a small trigger mechanism at the breech. The bombs were cylindrical with a (perforated) four finned tail. For the HE projectile an impact fuze was fitted in the nose of the bomb. Post war, the two-inch mortar was kept in service to fire smoke and illuminating rounds. It was replaced by the Royal Ordnance 51 mm infantry mortar[3] in the late 1980s. Specifications[edit] Calibre: 2 inches (50.8 mm) Length: 21 inches (53 cm) Weight: 10   1⁄2 pounds (4.8 kg) Firing mechanism: Trip (small trigger) Elevation: 45-90° Range: 500 yards (460 m) Rate of fire: Eight rounds per minute Free Belgian Forces fire a two-inch mortar during a training exercise in Wales, 1941 Variations[edit] Mk I = squad-level mortar introduced in 1918 and declared obsolete in 1919.[4] Mk II = the first model introduced in 1938 with a large baseplate.[4] Mk II* = the 1938 version intended for use with the Universal Carrier[4] Mk II** = a second version for use with the Universal Carrier[4] Mk II*** = version for use by infantry at platoon level and fitted with a large baseplate[4] Mk III = version used as a smoke launcher for tanks[4] Mk IV = limited production run and did not enter service[4] Mk V = not manufactured[4] Mk VI = not manufactured[4] Mk VII = for use on Universal Carriers[4] Mk VII* = for use by airborne forces, having a shorter barrel (14 inches (360 mm) = 36 cm) and a baseplate replaced with a spade-like plate[4] Mk VII** = infantry use with long barrel and spade-like baseplate[4] Mk VIIA = Indian Army model[5] Mk VIII = another short-barrelled version for the airborne forces[5] Ammunition type (plus round weight and colour)[edit] Parachute illumination round High explosive (HE): 2.25 lb (1.02 kg) - olive drab body, red band[4] White phosphorus smoke (WP Smk): 2.25 lb (1.02 kg) - dark green body[4] Titanium tetrachloride smoke (FM Smk): 2 lb (0.91 kg) - dark green body[4] Illumination (Ill): 1 lb (0.45 kg) - drab khaki (light OD) body[4] Signal multi-star (Sig): 1 lb (white 2 lb) - light stone (grey) body. NB: the multi-star was available in white, red, green, and mixed red-green.[4] Ammunition was packed one 51 mm-shell per tube, three conjoined tubes per pack (three shells), two packs (six shells) to a fibre container, and three fibre containers to a steel box (18 shells total).[6] Modern variants[edit] India's Ordnance Factory Board's 51mm E1 mortar is an enhanced version of the two-inch British mortar of World War II; it is still in production and service in India.[7] Specifications[edit] Calibre: 51.25mm (2 in) Weight: 4.88 kg Range: 200-850m Rate of fire: normal: eight rounds per minute high: 12 rounds per minute Bomb weight: High explosive: 950g (800m range)[8] Users[edit]  Australia[1]  Belgium  Canada[9]  France  India  United Liberation Front of Assam[10]  Naxalites[11]  Jordan[12]  Luxembourg    Nepal People's Liberation Army, Nepal[13]  New Zealand[14]  Nigeria  Biafra[15]  Norway: Free Norwegian forces[16]  Poland: Polish Armed Forces in the West[17]  South Africa  United Kingdom[9]  **** The M2 Mortar is a 60 millimeter smoothbore, muzzle-loading, high-angle-of-fire weapon used by U.S. forces in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War for light infantry support. Contents 1 Description 2 History 3 Chinese variants 4 Operation 5 Ammunition 6 Users 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Description[edit] M4 Collimator sight, used for both indirect fire and direct lay missions. The U.S. M2 60 mm mortar was developed from the heavier 81 mm M1 Mortar to provide a lighter-weight alternative to company-level fire support.[1] The M2 attempted to bridge the gap between the 81 mm mortar and the hand grenade. Normally employed by the weapons platoon of a U.S. infantry company, the M2 is of the usual mortar pattern of the day.[1][2] It consists of a smoothbore metal tube on a rectangular baseplate, supported by a simple bipod with the elevation and traverse mechanisms. The firing pin was fixed in the base cap of the tube, and the bomb was fired automatically when it dropped down the barrel. Though classed as a light mortar, the M2 had considerable range compared to the 50 mm and 60 mm mortars of most other nations, and its fixed-firing pin design allowed a high rate of fire by trained crews.[1] History[edit] During the late 1920s, the US Army began examining mortars to act as a light infantry support weapon. The War Department eventually settled on a 60 mm design from Edgar Brandt, a French ordnance engineer, and purchased a license to build the weapon. The model was standardized as the Mortar, 60 mm M2. Testing took place in the late 1930s, and the first order for 1,500 M2 mortars was placed in January 1940. The weapon was used throughout World War II by the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps. It saw service again in the Korean War, and by French forces in counterinsurgency campaigns in Indochina and Algeria.[3] It was used under designation m/952 by Portugal during Portuguese Colonial War.[4] During the Vietnam War, the M2 was again used by the U.S. Army and Marines, as well as by South Vietnamese forces. Ultimately, the M2 was replaced by the M224 in 1978. Chinese variants[edit] China (the Republic of China, prior to 1949) also locally produced the M2 mortar, which was designated as the Type 31.[5] Some were supplied to North Korea[6] and North Vietnam.[7] It was later modified as the Type 63[8] and then as the Type 63-1 mortar. This latter type has been produced under license by Pakistan Machine Tool Factory Limited in Pakistan and by Helwan Machine Tools Company in Egypt.[9] Operation[edit] Each mortar shell had a screw-on cap in its base. Inside the hollow in the tail, it contained a 20-gauge M5A1 Ignition Cartridge. This was a paper shotgun shell filled with ballistite powder. The mortar had a firing pin in the bottom of the tube. When the shell was dropped down the tube, the firing pin struck the Ignition Cartridge in the shell's tail, detonating it. When the cartridge detonated, the explosive gases exited the base of the shell through two bleed holes. This propelled the shell out of the tube in an arc. Unassisted, the mortar shell had a range of about 200 to 325 yards. To increase the mortar's range, shells were issued with four waterproof cellophane bags of propellant, called increments, fastened to the stabilizing fins with wire clips. The ignition cartridge would ignite the propellant, increasing chamber pressure and the shell's muzzle velocity. All four increments and the ignition cartridge pushed the maximum range to about 2,000 yards at 45 degrees elevation (depending on the shell's length and weight). To reduce the mortar's muzzle velocity, increment charges were removed as needed before firing. This allowed great flexibility in the angle at which shells impacted the target area, allowing the weapon to drop shells behind hills or buildings. Ammunition[edit] 60mm mortar shells for the U.S. M2 Mortar. Left-to-Right: M69 Training/Practice, M49A2 High Explosive, M302 White Phosphorus/Smoke, M83 Illuminating (parachute flare) The M2 Mortar could fire several types of ammunition. M49A2 High explosive (HE) with Point Detonating fuze M52B1 [Weight: 2.73 lbs]:[10] An explosive shell used against infantry and other light area targets. It has a minimum range of 200 yards when fired without a boosting charge at a 70° angle and a maximum range of 2017 yards when fired with four boosting charges at a 45° angle. M49A3 High Explosive Cartridge (HE) with Super-Quick Point Detonating fuze M525 [Weight: 3.05 lb (1.38 kg)]: Often referred to in the field as "HE quick". M302 White phosphorus Cartridge (WP): A "bursting smoke" shell used as a signaling, screening, smoke-producing, and casualty-producing shell. Unlike regular smoke shells of the period, which used a "hot" chemical reaction to generate a smoke cloud, the white phosphorus shell detonates to expose its filler to the air, causing it to spontaneously ignite and generate a thick cloud of white or grey smoke. It also sets combustible materials in its radius of effect on fire, causing secondary smoke sources. If personnel are hit by burning white phosphorus, the fragments will continue to burn inside the wound. They need to be evacuated to a hospital to have the fragments removed under special conditions. M83 Illuminating Cartridge (ILL): A pyrotechnic parachute flare shell used in night missions requiring illumination for assistance in observation. M69 Training/Practice Cartridge (TP) [Weight: 4.43 lb (2.01 kg)]: A shell with a cast iron body, inert filler, and detachable fin assembly used to train recruits in firing the M2 mortar. The cast iron body is reusable and the fin assembly can be replaced if damaged. M50A3 Training / Practice Cartridge (TP) [Weight 3.15 lb (1.43 kg)]: This practice shell is ballistically matched to the M49A4 HE shell, making it easier to train. They are the same size and weight, only differing in that the M50A3 is inert and emits a puff of white smoke on impact. Users[edit]  Albania[8]  Austria[11]  Australia[12]  Bangladesh:Type 63-1  Republic of China  China: Type 31, Type 63 and Type 63-1  Denmark: designated m/51[13]  Egypt: Type 63-1 produced under license.[9]  Ethiopian Empire: used by the Kagnew Battalion[14]  France[3]  Greece[13]  Guatemala[11]  Haiti[11]  Indonesia[11]  Iraq: Type 63[15]  North Korea: Type 31[6]  South Korea[11]  Mexico[11]  Morocco[11]  Pakistan: Type 63-1 produced under license.[9]  Portugal[13]  Taiwan[11]  Turkey[13]  Thailand[citation needed]  United States  Vietnam: M2, Type 31 and Type 63[7]  South Vietnam[16] The 2 inch medium trench mortar, also known as the 2-inch howitzer, and nicknamed the "toffee apple" or "plum pudding" mortar, was a British smooth bore muzzle loading (SBML) medium trench mortar in use in World War I from mid-1915 to mid-1917. The designation "2-inch" refers to the mortar barrel, into which only the 22-inch bomb shaft but not the bomb itself was inserted; the spherical bomb itself was actually 9 inches (230 mm) in diameter and weighed 42 lb (19 kg), hence this weapon is more comparable to a standard mortar of approximately 5-6 inch bore. Contents 1 Background and predecessors 1.1 4-inch mortar 1.2 3.7-inch mortar 1.3 Vickers 1.57-inch mortar 2 The 2-inch medium mortar 3 Combat use 3.1 Deployment 3.2 Use in action 3.3 Silencer 3.4 Use as anti-tank mines 4 See also 4.1 Weapons of comparable role, performance and era 5 Image gallery 6 Notes and references 7 Bibliography 8 External links Background and predecessors[edit] As the Western Front in France and Belgium stagnated into trench warfare in late 1914, British forces found themselves with no means of replying to the German minenwerfers (trench mortars) which were lobbing both small and large (over 100 pound) high-explosive shells into their frontline trenches from short range. British commanders requested an accurate short-range weapon which was manually portable in the trenches, could be safely used to attack enemy trenches as close as 100 yards to the British trenches, was easily concealed and projected a reasonably large explosive charge capable of damaging protected enemy positions. The British Expeditionary Force had been expected to participate only in mobile warfare and was not equipped with any mortars. Various alternative designs for light and medium mortars were evaluated, prompted by the need to place at least some weapon into action without diverting manufacturing capacity from guns and howitzers, which weapons were given priority. Hence the emphasis was on designs for both mortar and ammunition that could be manufactured by small unsophisticated workshops unsuited to other war work: 4-inch mortar[edit] 4-inch mortar bomb at the Imperial War Museum The 4-inch mortar was the only official type to enter service before the end of 1914 (12 units). It fired an 8½ pound steel bomb with studs to engage rifling grooves in the mortar barrel, similar to the German minenwerfer. The barrel was improvised by boring out a 6-inch shell. Its range of 900 yards and its accuracy was considered acceptable, but the shell case was expensive and was slow to load. About 40 guns and several thousand rounds were issued by June 1915,[8] with 168 of the total 300 manufactured eventually serving in France.[9] It was soon replaced by the 3-inch Stokes mortar in its "light mortar" class. 3.7-inch mortar[edit] The 3.7-inch pipe gun was an early improvised mortar. Eighteen were initially made by the Indian Corps in France by December 1914. It was a smooth tube firing a 4½ pound "tin-pot" filled with ammonal. The fuze was a length of Bickford fuse ignited by the burning of the propellant, which made it too dangerous for long term use. By the end of June 1915, another 100 had been manufactured and sent to France and 20 to Gallipoli. Vickers 1.57-inch mortar[edit] The Vickers 1.57-inch trench mortar was first introduced to France in March 1915, 127 by the end of June, and about 275 were manufactured until it was withdrawn in January 1917, after being replaced by the 2-inch mortar. The 1.57-inch was similar to the eventual 2-inch model, but the particular Vickers design was complicated and expensive to manufacture. It fired either an 18 or 33 pound cast-iron bomb filled with Permite (perchlorate), but the smaller bomb was considered too light and the heavier had a range of only 200 yards.[10] The 2-inch medium mortar[edit] This was designed and manufactured by the Royal Ordnance Factories in early 1915 and introduced along with the 1.57-inch mortar in March 1915. It incorporated what was known of the German prewar Krupp mortar.[11] This was the first design to meet all the requirements, after modifications to simplify manufacture; it fired a good-sized spherical cast-iron bomb of 42 pounds (total projectile weight 51 pounds with stick and fuze), considered the largest practical size for use from trenches, at ranges from 100 to 600 yards using a simple 2-inch tube as the mortar body. The mortar and ammunition could be cheaply manufactured by small unsophisticated "trade" workshops; the bomb was safely detonated by a standard No. 80 "time and percussion" artillery fuze. Drawbacks were that the steel tail was usually projected backwards towards the firer when the bomb detonated, resulting in occasional casualties and the No. 80 fuze was also required by the 18-pounder field guns which were given priority, limiting mortar ammunition supply to the front until early 1916 when a special cheap trench mortar fuze was developed.[12] The 2-inch mortar served in limited numbers in France in 1915 from March, with early mortars and ammunition made by the Royal Ordnance Factory, with the Vickers 1.57-inch model. Mass production began with an order in August 1915 for 800 mortars from several railway workshops and agricultural machinery makers, together with an order for 675,000 bombs from numerous small firms.[13] Manufacture of the Vickers model which was twice as expensive was ended and it was withdrawn by January 1917. It fired a spherical cast-iron bomb "the size of a football"[14] painted dirty white filled with amatol (identified by a painted green band) or ammonal (identified by a painted pink band)[15] attached to the end of a pipe ("stick"), hence the nicknames "toffee apple" and "plum pudding". Weights of bombs as delivered without fuzes varied. Light bombs, from 39 lb 14 oz to below 40 lb 10 oz (18.09 to 18.43 kg), were marked with a stenciled L. Heavy bombs, above 41 lb 10 oz to 42 lb 6 oz (18.43 to 19.22 kg) were marked with a stenciled Hv.[15] Hence the total fuzed weight with stick of 51 lb is an average. The 2-inch designation refers to the mortar barrel's bore and the projectile stick inserted into it, not the much larger bomb itself which remained outside the barrel. It was comparable in explosive power if not range to other 4-inch mortars. The 2-inch mortar was itself superseded by the Newton 6-inch mortar from mid-1917 onwards. Some Australian units retained them for projecting smoke screens. Combat use[edit] Typical mortar pit, Mesopotamia 1917, with firing lanyard laid out. The bomb is fuzed. Deployment[edit] The weapon was initially operated by joint infantry and artillery detachments, eventually it became the responsibility of the Royal Field Artillery.[16] A typical infantry division was equipped with three batteries designated X, Y, Z, each with four mortars. Use in action[edit] Its primary use was in cutting barbed wire defenses[17] and attacking enemy front line trenches, such as in the July 1916 attack on the Somme.[14] The spherical shape and relatively low velocity brought the benefit that the bomb did not penetrate the ground before exploding. The short range was a disadvantage as it could only be used if no man's land (between the British and enemy front line) was relatively narrow. It was used to fire some white star (50%-50% chlorine and phosgene) gas bombs during the Battle of the Somme[18] until other specialised longer range projectors became available. Cordite charges appropriate to the required range were dropped into the barrel before the bomb was loaded. Charges and ranges:[17] 1.5 ounces (40 g): 100–220 yards (90–200 m) (dangerous due to propensity for incomplete burn and hence to fall short[17]) 2.5 ounces (70 g): 180–340 yards (160–310 m) 3.5 ounces (100 g): 300–500 yards (270–460 m) The original design for igniting the powder propellant charge involved the insertion of a standard artillery "T friction tube" into a hole near the base of the barrel. The Royal Artillery had a higher priority in receiving the already insufficient number of tubes so ignition was changed to use a Lee–Enfield bolt mechanism and chamber screwed into a socket in the barrel near the base.[3][19] A special blank rifle cartridge was loaded and fired via a lanyard from a sheltered position if possible due to the risk of bombs falling short.[17] This ignited the propellant charge and launched the bomb. In early use it was situated in frontline trenches but this tended to attract enemy fire onto the troops manning them. Standard procedure became to locate the mortars separately from frontline trenches, in unoccupied trenches or in saps running off the frontline. This had the benefit of drawing enemy fire away from troops manning the front line.[14] Estimated rounds required for various targets, with instantaneous percussion fuze 107:[20] Fuze No. 107 Cutting barbed wire: 1 round per 10 square yards (8 m2) Cutting loose wire: 1 round per 6 square yards (5 m2) Destroy trenches frontally: 5 rounds per yard Destroy trenches in enfilade: 2.5 rounds per yard Destroy a machine-gun emplacement with top cover not more than 3 feet of earth: 80 rounds Silencer[edit] Provision was made in mid-1916 for attachment of the "Temple silencer" at the muzzle,[3] intended to reduce the flash and noise generated on firing, which at the short ranges the mortar operated at was quickly noticed by the enemy and invited artillery response. This required the use of bombs with a special piston attached to the tail which was retained in the barrel by the silencer on firing, and hence sealed the muzzle after the bomb tail left the barrel. This had the major disadvantage of causing the barrel to overheat during prolonged daylight firing, and the silencer was only used at night.[6] Use as anti-tank mines[edit] British Mk V tank disabled by anti-tank mine, Ronssoy October 3, 1918. Unexploded bombs are visible In Spring 1918 many of these obsolescent bombs were buried on the Western Front under metal plates as anti-tank mines in expectation of attack by German tanks. This led to some later confusion as to whether unearthed bombs were unexploded mortar projectiles ("duds") or undetonated mines. These minefields were inadequately documented. This caused the British problems in the closing months of the war when they had to advance again over territory they had previously abandoned and also prevented full clearance of the minefields after the war. This led to some French farmers being blown up in the 1930s when they started using tractors e.g. around Gouzeaucourt.  ***The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; Hebrew: צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל‎ Tsva ha-Hagana le-Yisra'el, lit. "The Army of Defense for Israel"; Arabic: جيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي‎), commonly known in Israel by the Hebrew acronym Tzahal (צה״ל‎), are the military forces of the State of Israel. They consist of the ground forces, air force, and navy. It is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and has no civilian jurisdiction within Israel. The IDF is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Defense Minister of Israel; Lieutenant General (Rav Aluf) Aviv Kochavi has served as Chief of Staff since January 15, 2019. An order from Defense Minister David Ben-Gurion on 26 May 1948 officially set up the Israel Defense Forces as a conscript army formed out of the paramilitary group Haganah, incorporating the militant groups Irgun and Lehi. The IDF has served in all of Israel's major military operations—including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 1951–1956 Retribution operations, 1956 Sinai War, 1964–1967 War over Water, 1967 Six-Day War, 1967–1970 War of Attrition, 1968 Battle of Karameh, 1973 Operation Spring of Youth, 1973 Yom Kippur War, 1976 Operation Entebbe, 1978 Operation Litani, 1982 Lebanon War, 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict, 1987–1993 First Intifada, 2000–2005 Second Intifada, 2002 Operation Defensive Shield, 2006 Lebanon War, 2008–2009 Operation Cast Lead, 2012 Operation Pillar of Defense, and 2014 Operation Protective Edge. According to GlobalSecurity.org, the number of wars and border conflicts in which the IDF has been involved in its short history makes it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.[7] While originally the IDF operated on three fronts—against Lebanon and Syria in the north, Jordan and Iraq in the east, and Egypt in the south—after the 1979 Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty, it has concentrated its activities in southern Lebanon and the Palestinian Territories, including the First and the Second Intifada. The Israel Defense Forces is unique in its inclusion of mandatory conscription of women. The IDF is one of Israeli society's most prominent institutions, influencing the country's economy, culture and political scene. In 1965, the Israel Defense Forces was awarded the Israel Prize for its contribution to education.[8] The IDF uses several technologies developed in Israel, many of them made specifically to match the IDF's needs, such as the Merkava main battle tank, Achzarit armoured personnel carrier, high tech weapons systems, the Iron Dome missile defense system, Trophy active protection system for vehicles, and the Galil and Tavor assault rifles. The Uzi submachine gun was invented in Israel and used by the IDF until December 2003, ending a service that began in 1954. Since 1967, the IDF has had close military relations with the United States,[9] including development cooperation, such as on the F-15I jet, THEL laser defense system, and the Arrow missile defense system. The Israel Defense Forces are believed to have had an operational nuclear weapons capability since 1967, possibly possessing between 80 and 400 nuclear weapons,[10] with delivery systems forming a nuclear triad, of plane launched-missiles, Jericho III intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine launched cruise missiles. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Organization 3.1 Structure 3.1.1 Regional commands 3.1.2 Arms 3.1.3 Administrative branches 3.1.4 Other bodies 3.2 Units 4 Ranks, uniforms and insignia 4.1 Ranks 4.2 Uniforms 4.3 Insignia 5 Service 5.1 Military service routes 5.2 Special service routes 5.2.1 Regular service 5.2.2 Permanent service 5.2.3 Reserve service 5.3 Non-IDF service 5.4 Women 6 Minorities in the IDF 6.1 Druze and Circassians 6.2 Bedouins and Israeli Arabs 6.3 Ethiopian Jews 6.4 Haredim 6.5 LGBT people 6.6 Deaf and hard-of-hearing people 6.7 Vegans 6.8 Volunteers 7 Overseas volunteers 8 Mission 9 Doctrine 9.1 Main doctrine 9.1.1 Basic points 9.1.2 Prepare for defense 9.1.3 Move to counterattack 9.2 Code of conduct 9.2.1 Stated values of the IDF 9.2.2 Military ethics of fighting terror 10 Command and control 11 Budget 12 Field rations 13 Weapons and equipment 13.1 Military equipment 13.2 Main developments 14 Commemoration 14.1 Commemoration 14.2 Prayer 14.3 Parades 15 Foreign military relations 15.1 France 15.2 United States 15.3 India 15.4 Germany 15.5 United Kingdom 15.6 Russia 15.7 China 15.8 Cyprus 15.9 Greece 15.10 Turkey 15.11 Azerbaijan 15.12 Other countries 16 Future 17 See also 17.1 Security forces 17.2 Defense industry of Israel 17.3 Related subjects 18 References and footnotes 19 Further reading 20 External links Etymology The Israeli cabinet ratified the name "Israel Defense Forces" (Hebrew: צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל‎), Tzva HaHagana LeYisra'el, literally "army for the defense of Israel," on 26 May 1948. The other main contender was Tzva Yisra'el (Hebrew: צְבָא יִשְׂרָאֵל‎). The name was chosen because it conveyed the idea that the army's role was defense, and because it incorporated the name Haganah, the pre-state defensive organization upon which the new army was based.[11] Among the primary opponents of the name were Minister Haim-Moshe Shapira and the Hatzohar party, both in favor of Tzva Yisra'el.[11] History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Major-Gen. Ariel Sharon (left), during the Battle of Abu-Ageila, June 1967 Main articles: History of the Israel Defense Forces and List of the Israel Defense Forces operations The IDF traces its roots to Jewish paramilitary organizations in the New Yishuv, starting with the Second Aliyah (1904 to 1914).[12] The first such organization was Bar-Giora, founded in September 1907. Bar-Giora was transformed into Hashomer in April 1909, which operated until the British Mandate of Palestine came into being in 1920. Hashomer was an elitist organization with narrow scope, and was mainly created to protect against criminal gangs seeking to steal property. The Zion Mule Corps and the Jewish Legion, both part of the British Army of World War I, would further bolster the Yishuv with military experience and manpower, forming the basis for later paramilitary forces. After the 1920 Palestine riots against Jews in April 1920, the Yishuv leadership realised the need for a nationwide underground defense organization, and the Haganah was founded in June of the same year.[13] The Haganah became a full-scale defense force after the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine with an organized structure, consisting of three main units—the Field Corps, Guard Corps, and the Palmach. During World War II, the Yishuv participated in the British war effort, culminating in the formation of the Jewish Brigade. These would eventually form the backbone of the Israel Defense Forces, and provide it with its initial manpower and doctrine. Following Israel's Declaration of Independence, Prime Minister and Defense Minister David Ben-Gurion issued an order for the formation of the Israel Defense Forces on 26 May 1948. Although Ben-Gurion had no legal authority to issue such an order, the order was made legal by the cabinet on 31 May. The same order called for the disbandment of all other Jewish armed forces.[14] The two other Jewish underground organizations, Irgun and Lehi, agreed to join the IDF if they would be able to form independent units and agreed not to make independent arms purchases. This was the background for the Altalena Affair, a confrontation surrounding weapons purchased by the Irgun resulting in a standoff between Irgun members and the newly created IDF. The affair came to an end when Altalena, the ship carrying the arms, was shelled by the IDF. Following the affair, all independent Irgun and Lehi units were either disbanded or merged into the IDF. The Palmach, a leading component of the Haganah, also joined the IDF with provisions, and Ben Gurion responded by disbanding its staff in 1949, after which many senior Palmach officers retired, notably its first commander, Yitzhak Sadeh. The new army organized itself when the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine escalated into the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, which saw neighbouring Arab states attack. Twelve infantry and armored brigades formed: Golani, Carmeli, Alexandroni, Kiryati, Givati, Etzioni, the 7th, and 8th armored brigades, Oded, Harel, Yiftach, and Negev.[15] After the war, some of the brigades were converted to reserve units, and others were disbanded. Directorates and corps were created from corps and services in the Haganah, and this basic structure in the IDF still exists today. Operation Gazelle, Israel's ground maneuver, encircles the Egyptian Third Army, October 1973 Immediately after the 1948 war, the Israel-Palestinian conflict shifted to a low intensity conflict between the IDF and Palestinian fedayeen. In the 1956 Suez Crisis, the IDF's first serious test of strength after 1949, the new army captured the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, which was later returned. In the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel conquered the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Golan Heights from the surrounding Arab states, changing the balance of power in the region as well as the role of the IDF. In the following years leading up to the Yom Kippur War, the IDF fought in the War of Attrition against Egypt in the Sinai and a border war against the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Jordan, culminating in the Battle of Karameh. The surprise of the Yom Kippur War and its aftermath completely changed the IDF's procedures and approach to warfare. Organizational changes were made[by whom?] and more time was dedicated to training for conventional warfare. However, in the following years the army's role slowly shifted again to low-intensity conflict, urban warfare and counter-terrorism. An example of the latter was the successful 1976 Operation Entebbe commando raid to free hijacked airline passengers being held captive in Uganda. During this era, the IDF also mounted a successful bombing mission in Iraq to destroy its nuclear reactor. It was involved in the Lebanese Civil War, initiating Operation Litani and later the 1982 Lebanon War, where the IDF ousted Palestinian guerilla organizations from Lebanon. Palestinian militancy has been the main focus of the IDF ever since, especially during the First and Second Intifadas, Operation Defensive Shield, the Gaza War, Operation Pillar of Defense, and Operation Protective Edge, causing the IDF to change many of its values and publish the IDF Spirit. The Lebanese Shia organization Hezbollah has also been a growing threat,[16] against which the IDF fought an asymmetric conflict between 1982 and 2000, as well as a full-scale war in 2006.       ebay5108 folder 188
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  • Condition: Very good condition . 3 filing holes which don't penetrate the book itself . Very nicely preserved copy for its over 80 years of age .( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images )
  • Country of Manufacture: 1942 ERETZ ISRAEL - PALESTINE
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: Israel
  • Religion: Judaism

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