Our gardens face long, hot, dry summers. They suffer water restrictions and an unpredictable climate. But you can have a garden that looks great, copes with our challenging climate and saves you money.
Choosing to grow native plants in your garden will benefit you, the local wildlife, and the environment. There are so many worthwhile reasons to choose our own special plants:
They will save you time and money:
They are beautiful and functional:
Each Listing is for 10 x SEEDS of your choice
All our seeds are professionally harvested in the correct manner in optimal conditions we source only commercial grade seed from registered seed bank.
We also are able to provide a range of other native species on request
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Northern Territory and Australia Only.
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Native tree's are a great way to attract native birds to your Garden :)
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ACACIA maidenii - Maiden's Wattle, Acacia maidenii , also known as Maiden's wattle , is a tree native to Australia (New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria).
It prefers full sun to partial shade and it is often found on the edge of the rainforest .[3] It grows up to 20 m height in an erect or spreading habit.[4] The phyllodes are dark green, alternate along the stem and reach 20 cm in length and 1 to 3 cm in width.[5] It is very fast growing, reaching 1.5 m tall in as little as five months.[6] Its flowers have pale yellow spikes up to 6 cm long[5] that often occur in clusters of two to three.[7] The fruit is hairy, about 15 cm long and narrow,[7] often becoming coiled.[3]
In the Australian state of Victoria it is listed as being an endangered species ,[8] however it is a common species through much of the rest of its range.[4] The tree has a lifespan of more than 30 years.[9] It grows approximately 1 m per year.[10] It is frost tolerant down to β7 Β°C[11] (about 19 Β°F), but it is not drought tolerant, so irrigation may be necessary in some growing areas.[6] In its natural range, it tends to grow in places with an average maximum temperature of about 25 Β°C, but it also exists in a range of 22β32 Β°C avg. max. temp.[12] It tends to grow primarily in areas near the coast averaging 1200β1600 mm/year of rainfall, but overall it is found to some extent in an areas ranging 600β2000 mm/year of rainfall.
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ACACIA acuminata (small seed variant) - Jam Tree --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACACIA boormanii - Snowy River Wattle,
Acacia boormanii (common name : Snowy River wattle ) is a medium, (sometimes) suckering, multi-stemmed, copse-forming shrub, belonging to the genus Acacia .
Its native range is the Snowy River in the alpine country of south eastern Australia. It thrives best on well drained soils, but also tolerates compacted clay soils or soils with some salinity.
This evergreen, frost-hardy, rounded shrub grows to a height of 4.50 m (15 feet), and a diameter of 1.80 to 3.60 m (6 β 12 feet). Its silvery branches carry small, gray-green leaves. The narrow phyllodes are about 8 cm long.
Its inflorescence consists of lemon-yellow, globular flower heads, profusely borne in panicles , lasting four to six weeks.
This wattle is very popular in cultivation.
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ACACIA podalyriifolia - Qld Silver Wattle,
Acacia podalyriifolia is a perennial tree which is fast-growing and widely cultivated. It is native to Australia but is also naturalised in Malaysia , Africa, India and South America. Its uses include environmental management and it is also used as an ornamental tree . It is very closely related to Acacia uncifera . It grows to about 5 m
Acacia pycnantha generally grows as a small tree to between 3 and 8 m (10 and 30 ft) in height,[2] though trees of up to 12 m (40 ft) high have been reported in Morocco.[3] The bark is generally dark brown to greyβsmooth in younger plants though it can be furrowed and rough in older plants.[4] Branchlets may be bare and smooth or covered with a white bloom .[2] The mature trees do not have true leaves but have phyllodes βflat and widened leaf stemsβthat hang down from the branches. Shiny and dark green, these are between 9 and 15 cm (3 1β2 and 6 in) long, 1β3.5 cm (1β2 β1 1β2 in) wide and falcate (sickle -shaped) to oblanceolate in shape.[2] New growth has a bronze colouration.[5] Field observations at Hale Conservation Park show the bulk of new growth to take place over spring and summer from October to January.[6]
Floral buds are produced year-round on the tips of new growth, but only those initiated between November and May go on to flower several months later. Flowering usually takes place from July to November (late winter to early summer) in the golden wattle's native range; because the later buds develop faster, flowering peaks over July and August.[7] [8] The bright yellow inflorescences occur in groups of 40 to 80 on 2.5β9 cm (1β3 1β2 in)-long racemes that arise from axillary buds .[2] Each inflorescence is a ball-like structure that is covered by 40 to 100 small flowers that have five tiny petals (pentamerous ) and long erect stamens , which give the flower head a fluffy appearance.[4]
Developing after flowering has finished, the seed pods are flattish, straight or slightly curved, 5β14 cm (2β5 1β2 in) long and 5β8 mm wide.[8] [9] They are initially bright green, maturing to dark brown and have slight constrictions between the seeds,[10] which are arranged in a line in the pod.[8] The oblong seeds themselves are 5.5 to 6 mm long, black and shiny, with a clavate (club-shaped) aril .[2] They are released in December and January, when the pods are fully ripe.[7]
Species similar in appearance include mountain hickory wattle (A. obliquinervia ), coast golden wattle (A. leiophylla ) and golden wreath wattle (A. saligna ).[2] Acacia obliquinervia has grey-green phyllodes, fewer flowers in its flower heads, and broader (1.25β2.5 cm (1β2 β1 in)-wide) seed pods.[11] A. leiophylla has paler phyllodes.[12] A. saligna has longer, narrower phyllodes.[4]
Golden wattle occurs in south-eastern Australia from South Australia 's southern Eyre Peninsula and Flinders Ranges across Victoria and northwards into inland areas of southern New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory .[8] [22] It is found in the understorey of open eucalypt forests on dry, shallow soils.[9]
The species has become naturalised beyond its original range in Australia. In New South Wales it is especially prevalent around Sydney and the Central Coast region . In Tasmania it has spread in the east of the state and become weedy in bushland near Hobart . In Western Australia, it is found in the Darling Range and western wheatbelt as well as Esperance and Kalgoorlie .[4]
Outside Australia it has become naturalised in South Africa, Tanzania, Italy, Portugal, Sardinia, India, Indonesia and New Zealand.[4] It is present in California as a garden escapee, but is not considered to be naturalised there.[23] In South Africa, where it had been introduced between 1858 and 1865 for dune stabilization and tannin production, it had spread along waterways into forest, mountain and lowland fynbos , and borderline areas between fynbos and karoo .[24] The gall-forming wasp Trichilogaster signiventris has been introduced in South Africa for biological control and has reduced the capacity of trees to reproduce throughout their range.[25] The eggs are laid by adult wasps into buds of flower heads in the summer, before hatching in May and June when the larvae induce the formation of the grape-like galls and prevent flower development. The galls can be so heavy that branches break under their weight.[26] In addition, the introduction in 2001 of the acacia seed weevil Melanterius compactus has also proved effective.[27]
Though plants are usually killed by a severe fire, mature specimens are able to resprout .[28] [29] Seeds are able to persist in the soil for more than five years, germinating after fire.[29]
Like other wattles, Acacia pycnantha fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere.[30] It hosts bacteria known as rhizobia that form root nodules, where they make nitrogen available in organic form and thus help the plant grow in poor soils. A field study across Australia and South Africa found that the microbes are genetically diverse, belonging to various strains of the species Bradyrhizobium japonicum and genus Burkholderia in both countries. It is unclear whether the golden wattle was accompanied by the bacteria to the African continent or encountered new populations there.[31]
Self-incompatible , Acacia pycnantha cannot fertilise itself and requires cross-pollination between plants to set seed.[32] Birds facilitate this and field experiments keeping birds away from flowers greatly reduces seed production. Nectaries are located on phyllodes; those near open flowers become active, producing nectar that birds feed upon just before or during flowering. While feeding, birds brush against the flower heads and dislodge pollen and often visit multiple trees.[6] Several species of honeyeater , including the white-naped , yellow-faced ,[33] New Holland ,[34] and occasionally white-plumed and crescent honeyeaters ,[33] and Eastern spinebills have been observed foraging. Other bird species include the silvereye , striated , buff-rumped and brown thornbills . As well as eating nectar, birds often pick off insects on the foliage. Honeybees, native bees, ants and flies also visit nectaries, but generally do not come into contact with the flowers during this activity.[6] The presence of Acacia pycnantha is positively correlated with numbers of swift parrots overwintering in boxβironbark forest in central Victoria, though it is not clear whether the parrots are feeding on them or some other factor is at play.[35]
The wood serves as food for larvae of the jewel beetle species Agrilus assimilis , A. australasiae and A. hypoleucus .[36] The larvae of a number of butterfly species feed on the foliage including the fiery jewel , icilius blue , lithocroa blue and wattle blue .[37] Trichilogaster wasps form galls in the flowerheads, disrupting seed set[38] and Acizzia acaciaepycnanthae , a psyllid , sucks sap from the leaves.[39] Acacia pycnantha is a host to rust fungus species in the genus Uromycladium that affect the phyllodes and branches. These include Uromycladium simplex that forms pustules and U. tepperianum that causes large swollen brown to black galls that eventually lead to the death of the host plant.[40] [41] Two fungal species have been isolated from leaf spots on Acacia pycnantha : Seimatosporium arbuti , which is found on a wide range of plant hosts, and Monochaetia lutea .[42]
Golden wattle has been grown in temperate regions around the world for the tannin in its bark, as it provides the highest yield of all wattles .[15] Trees can be harvested for tannin from seven to ten years of age.[3] Commercial use of its timber is limited by the small size of trees, but it has high value as a fuel wood.[43] The scented flowers have been used for perfume making,[15] and honey production in humid areas. However, the pollen is too dry to be collected by bees in dry climates.[3] In southern Europe, it is one of several species grown for the cut-flower trade and sold as "mimosa".[44] Like many other species of wattle, Acacia pycnantha exudes gum when stressed.[45] Eaten by indigenous Australians , the gum has been investigated as a possible alternative to gum arabic , commonly used in the food industry.[2] [45]
Golden wattle is cultivated in Australia and was introduced to the northern hemisphere in the mid-1800s. Although it has a relatively short lifespan of 15 to 30 years, it is widely grown for its bright yellow, fragrant flowers.[15] [38] As well as being an ornamental plant, it has been used as a windbreak or in controlling erosion. Trees are sometimes planted with the taller sugar gum (Eucalyptus cladocalyx ) to make a two-layered windbreak.[3] One form widely cultivated was originally collected on Mount Arapiles in western Victoria. It is floriferous , with fragrant flowers appearing from April to July.[46] The species has a degree of frost tolerance and is adaptable to a wide range of soil conditions, but it prefers good drainage.[46] It tolerates heavy soils in dry climates,[47] as well as mild soil salinity .[48] It can suffer yellowing (chlorosis ) in limestone-based (alkaline) soils.[3] Highly drought-tolerant, it needs 370β550 mm (10β20 in) winter rainfall for cultivation.[3] It is vulnerable to gall attack in cultivation.[49] Propagation is from seed which has been pre-soaked in hot water to soften the hard seed coating.[15]
Although wattles, and in particular the golden wattle, have been the informal floral emblem of Australia for many years (for instance, it represented Australia on the Coronation gown of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953), it was not until Australia's bicentenary in 1988 that the golden wattle was formally adopted as the floral emblem of Australia . This was proclaimed by Governor-General Sir Ninian Stephen in the Government gazette published on 1 September.[50] The day was marked by a ceremony at the Australian National Botanic Gardens which included the planting of a golden wattle by Hazel Hawke , the Prime Minister's wife. In 1992, 1 September was formally declared "National Wattle Day ".[15]
The Australian Coat of Arms includes a wreath of wattle; this does not, however, accurately represent a golden wattle. Similarly, the green and gold colours used by Australian international sporting teams were inspired by the colours of wattles in general, rather than the golden wattle specifically.[15]
The species was depicted on a stamp captioned "wattle" as part of a 1959β60 Australian stamp set featuring Australian native flowers. In 1970, a 5c stamp labelled "Golden Wattle" was issued to complement an earlier set depicting the floral emblems of Australia. To mark Australia Day in 1990, a 41c stamp labelled "Acacia pycnantha" was issued.[15] Another stamp labelled "Golden Wattle", with a value of 70c, was issued in 2014.[51]
Clare Waight Keller included golden wattles to represent Australia in Meghan Markle's wedding veil, which included the distinctive flora of each Commonwealth country.[52]
The 1970 Monty Python's Flying Circus Bruces sketch includes a reference, by one of the stereotyped Australian characters, to "the wattle" as being "the emblem of our land", with suggested methods of display including "stick[ing] it in a bottle or hold[ing] it in your hand" - despite the wattle prop itself being a large, forked branch with sparse patches of leaves and generic yellow flowers.
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ACACIA glaucoptera - Clay Wattle,
Acacia glaucoptera , commonly known as flat wattle [1] or clay wattle ,[1] is a species of Acacia which is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia .[2]
It is a spreading or erect shrub which ranges in height from 0.3 to 1.2 metres (1.0 to 3.9 ft) and up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in width. It produces yellow, globular flowers between late winter and early summer.[2] It has glabrous straight to slightly flexuose branchlets. Phyllodes are continuous with the branchlets, forming opposite wings with each one extending to the one underneath. Each one is mostly 2.5 to 7 centimetres (1.0 to 2.8 in) in length and 0.6 to 2 cm (0.2 to 0.8 in) wide. The free portion of phyllode usually 1 to 4 cm (0.4 to 1.6 in). The rudimentary inflorescences rudimentary with a globular flower heads that have a diameter of 5 to 6 mm (0.2 to 0.2 in) containing 30 to 80 golden flowers. After flowering black, glabrous, twisted and coiled seed pods are formed that are up to 2 cm (0.8 in) long and 2 to 3 mm (0.1 to 0.1 in) wide. The seeds are longitudinally arranged in the pods. They are oblong in shape with a length of 2.5 to 3.5 mm (0.1 to 0.1 in).[3]
The species was first formally described by the botanist George Bentham in 1855 as part of the work Plantae Muellerianae: Mimoseae published in Linnaea: ein Journal fΓΌr die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder BeitrΓ€ge zur Pflanzenkunde .[4] [5]
It was reclassified as Racosperma glaucopterum by Leslie Pedley in 2003 only to be placed back in the genus Acacia in 2006.[4] Other synonyms include Acacia bossiaeoides and Acacia sinuata]].[4]
A. glaucoptera closely resembles Acacia pterocaulon but is closely related to Acacia bifaria , Acacia excentrica and Acacia merrallii even though these species lack the winged branches.[3]
The shrub is found over a large area through the Great Southern , southern Wheatbelt and southern Goldfields-Esperance regions. It is found from Arthur River in the west and north to Esperance in the east and south to the coast. It grows in gravelly clay lateritic soils.[2] The plant is often part of woodland, tall shrubland and mallee communities.[3]
This species is often grown for its unusual "foliage" (its "leaves" are actually cladodes ). It requires good drainage and occasional pruning to remove dead wood. It will withstand temperatures down to -7 Β°C.[6]
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ACACIA paradoxa - Kangaroo Thorn,
Acacia paradoxa [1] is a plant in the family Fabaceae . Its common names include kangaroo acacia ,[2] kangaroo thorn , prickly wattle , hedge wattle [3] and paradox acacia .
The large shrub or tree up to 2 to 4 metres (7 to 13 ft) tall[4] and has a similar width,[3] it has ribbed branchlets that are often arched downward. It is dense with foliage; the leaves are actually enlarged petioles known as phyllodes . They are crinkly and the new ones are covered in hairs. The erect phyllodes are asymettric and have a lanceolate shape and are around 30 millimetres (1.18 in) in length and 7 mm (0.276 in) wide.[4] The bush is also full of long spines. It usually flowers between August and November[3] producing an axillary flower-spike with small, bright yellow spherical flower heads and the fruits are brown pods 4 to 7 centimetres (1.6 to 2.8 in) long. The hard black seeds within have an oblong shape and are about 6 mm (0.236 in) in length and half as wide.[4]
The spiny stipules that grow at the base of the phyllodes deter livestock from feeding on or too close to the plant.
Kangaroo thorn is widely spread across Australia, regenerating from seed after disturbances, such as bush fire. Small birds, including wrens, use this plant as shelter and dwelling, while it is relied upon as a food source for moths, butterflies and other insects, birds also feed on its seeds.
It is endemic to south eastern parts of South Australia , much of Victoria , eastern New South Wales and south eastern parts of Queensland .[2] It has become naturalised in parts of Western Australia and Tasmania .[4]
The plant has also been introduced to other continents. In the United States, kangaroo thorn is a well-known noxious weed in California.[5]
The plant is used as an ornamental or as a dense screening plant. It make an excellent habitat and food source for birds. It grows well in full sun or in a partly shaded position. It can be planted in dry to moist well-drained areas.[3] Seeds require pre-treatment such as scarification prior to planting.[4]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACACIA acuminata - Raspberry Jam Wattle, Acacia acuminata , known as mangart and jam , is a tree in the family Fabaceae . Endemic to Western Australia , it occurs throughout the south west of the State . It is common in the Wheatbelt , and also extends into the semi-arid interior.
Acacia acuminata grows as a tall shrub or small tree growing 3-7m, In ideal conditions it may grow to a height of ten metres, but in most of its distribution it does not grow above five metres. As with most Acacia species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. These are bright green, around ten centimetres long and about two millimetres wide, and finish in a long point. The lemon yellow flowers are held in tight cylindrical clusters about two centimetres long, flowering occur late winter to spring. The pods are light brown and flattened, about ten centimetres long and five millimetres wide and are present during summer.
The nutritional composition of the numerous seeds, a shiny brown-black colour, is 45% protein, 28% fats and 15% carbohydrates.[1]
Acacia acuminata has high frost tolerance and medium salt tolerance. Acacia acuminata is tolerant of drought and frosts and is moderately salt tolerant. It requires at least 250mm/year (9.8in./year) average rainfall.[6] Grows on seasonally dry duplex soils. Coppicing ability is absent or very low and it may be killed by fire. The wood has a distinct scent of raspberry jam and is very durable in the ground and favored for round fencing material; it has an attractive grain and is used for craft wood. A. acuminata comprises a number of informal variants (see above) and is the main host being used in Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum ) plantations.[7]
Widely distributed throughout the Southwest of Australia and recorded into the Eremaean province .[3] The explorer Henry Lefroy found the species was very common between Narembeen and the Avon River and growing with sandalwood (Santalum acuminatum ) in 1863, the conservator of forests, John Ednie Brown , estimated in 1895 that an area of four million acres was dominated by this species growing with Eucalyptus loxophleba (York gum), the valuable sandalwood having already been cleared. Drummond noticed the species growing outside its range at Guildford , attributing this occurrence to spilled seed that had been transported to the site in food bags. The first thorough survey of the distribution was documented by Surveyor General Malcolm Fraser in 1882, who recorded a range from Champion Bay to the south at Gordon River ; he also notes the consumption of its seed and regrowth by introduced stock animals.[1]
The wood is hard and durable, attractive, reddish, and closely grained. It has been used extensively for fence posts,[8] for ornamental articles, and for high-load applications such as sheave blocks. The wood's "air dried" density is 1040 kg/mΒ³.[9] The tensile strength is around eighty megapascal, the transverse strength is over one hundred MPa.[10] It is also being used as a companion/host tree with sandalwood (Santalum spicatum ) plantations in the Wheatbelt region.[11] The extensive use of the plant for wood, food and medicine by Nyungar peoples saw it regarded as a valuable resource. The abundance of seed was made into flour. The sap was collected and administered as medicine, either immediately or prepared and stored for later use. The wood was preferred in the manufacture of kylies, a boomerang -type weapon.[1]
The timber's resistance to termites was exploited for fence-posts when European agriculture was expanded into nearby areas, the durability of these is evident in fencing over 100 years old.[1] The conservator of state forests, Charles Lane-Poole , noted the longevity of fence posts in the 1920s, and that colonial farmers also regarded the species and an indicator of suitable land for raising wheat and sheep. Poole remarks on resemblance of the decorative grain to its sister species, Acacia melanoxylon (blackwood).[10] The number of posts produced in the period 1954β1968 was 2.7 million. Timber cutters were required to pay a royalty and obtain a license. The colonial diarist, George Fletcher Moore , noted the fine qualities of the timber and thought it suitable for cabinetry . The uses of the wood came to include pipes and walking sticks, and the construction of staircases and furniture. The tree is regarded as a good source of firewood, the value as charcoal was recorded by Ferdinand Mueller in 1877. The charcoal was used for powering gas producing mechanisms attached to motor vehicles during petrol rationing in the mid-twentieth century.[1]
The seeds are consumed by regent parrots (Polytelis anthopeplus ).[1]
The species is a host to mistletoe species of genus Amyema , the host-parasite relationship having been researched near Geraldton with Amyema fitzgeraldii and elsewhere with Amyema preissii .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACACIA adsurgens - Pilarri,
Acacia adsurgens is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae . It is native to the northern areas of Australia . |
The shrub is erect and bushy typically growing to a height of 1.5 to 4 metres (5 to 13 ft).[1] It has angular light brown or reddish that become to flattened towards apices. The smooth bark becomes fibrous and is grey-brown in colour and reddish beneath. It has linear, straight or upwardly curved and flat green phyllodes that are 6 to 20 cm (2.4 to 7.9 in) in length and 2 to 4.5 mm (0.079 to 0.177 in) wide.[2] It flowers from February or March to July,[1] and as late as September,[2] producing yellow flowers.[1] The flower spikes are 0.8 to 2.5 cm (0.31 to 0.98 in) in length and densely flowered. After flowering linear light brown seed pods form that are raised over and constricted between seeds. the pods have a length of 3.5 to 12 cm (1.4 to 4.7 in) and a width of 2 to 3.5 mm (0.079 to 0.138 in). The dark brown seeds within have a narrowly oblong shape and are 3.5 to 4.5 mm (0.14 to 0.18 in) in length.[2]
It is endemic to northern parts of Western Australia , central parts of the Northern Territory [1] and parts of central Queensland and in far north east South Australia near Lake Eyre the range extends from around Roebourne in the west through central Queensland in the east. It is found flat plains and hillsides[2] growing in reddish sandy, loamy and gravelly soils and is usually part of spinifex grassland communities.
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ACACIA alcockii,
Acacia alcockii , also known as Alcock's wattle , is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae endemic to South Australia .[1]
The suckering, bushy shrub typically grows to a height of 3 metres (10 ft). The glabrous branchlets are a dark reddish colour. The thin green phyllodes have a narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate shape with a length of 6 to 9 cm (2.4 to 3.5 in) and a width of 8 to 21 mm (0.31 to 0.83 in). The inflorescences occur on five to eleven headed racemes. The spherical flower-heads contain 25 to 40 pale yellow flowers. The flat straight edged seed pods that form after flowering have an oblong to narrowly oblong shape with a length of up to 9 cm (3.5 in) and a width of 8 to 17 mm (0.31 to 0.67 in). The dull black seeds inside have an oblong to elliptic shape and are 5 to 6 mm (0.20 to 0.24 in) in length.[2]
The specific epithet honours C.R.Alcock who was a plant collector wee known for the specimens he collected on the Eyre Peninsula including the first collection of A. alcockii .[1]
It is native to southern parts of the Eyre Peninsula on the south west coast between Mount Dutton and Mount Drummond. On the south east coast the shrub is found between Billy Light Point close to Port Lincoln to the Lincoln National Park [2] where it grows in sandy soils over limestone and sometimes in skeletal soils above granite .
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ACACIA amblyophylla,
Acacia amblyophylla is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae that is native to an area along the west coast of Western Australia.
The bushy and open shrub typically grows to a height of 1 to 4 metres (3 to 13 ft).[1] The glabrous branchlets support patent to inclined phyllodes that have an oblanceolate shape and are slightly recurved. The thin green phyllodes are 5 to 12 centimetres (2.0 to 4.7 in) in length and 6 to 14 millimetres (0.24 to 0.55 in) wide.[2] It blooms from August to September and produces yellow flowers.[1] The simple racemose inflorescences have a length of 1 to 3.5 cm (0.39 to 1.38 in) containing globular flower-heads, each made up of around 25 pale golden flowers. The dark-brown glabrous seed pods that form later are rounded-over seeds and are up to 13 cm (5.1 in) long and 9 to 11 mm (0.35 to 0.43 in) wide, dark brown, glabrous. The shiny black seeds within have a length of 6 to 7 mm (0.24 to 0.28 in) and are 5 to 6 mm (0.20 to 0.24 in) wide.[2]
It is native to an area near Shark Bay in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia where it is found on limestone rises and coastal dunes growing in calcareous sandy soils.
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ACACIA anceps,
Acacia anceps , commonly known as Port Lincoln wattle [1] or the two edged wattle , is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae .
The bushy spreading shrub typically grows to a height of 1 to 3 metres (3 to 10 ft). It blooms from September to February and produces yellow flowers.[2] The branches are erect, rigid, glabrous and grow outward to a diameter of 1 to 3 metres (3 to 10 ft).[1] The phyllodes are thick and rigid with a linear to obovate shape. They grow to a length of around 5 centimetres (2.0 in) and a width of 3.5 cm (1.4 in). The solitary inflorescences are axillary with large globular flower heads. After flowering seed pods form that are red to brown in colour. The pods are flat to undulating and around 5 cm (2.0 in) long and 1.2 cm (0.5 in) wide containing seeds which are dark brown or mottled with an elliptic shape.[3]
It is native to an area along the south coast of the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia [2] and coastal areas of South Australia as far east as the Eyre Peninsula .[3] It grows well in calcareous sandy soils and shallow red-brown sandy soils as a part of coastal dune vegetation or open scrub ecosystems.[3]
The plant is used as an ornamental wattle that thrives in coastal locations and is planted as a windbreak. It can be propagated from seeds or from cuttings but needs well drained soils. It will tolerate full sun or part shade and is drought tolerant.
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ACACIA ancistrocarpa - Fitzroy Wattle,
Acacia ancistrocarpa , commonly known as fitzroy wattle ,[1] is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae . The shrub is also known as fish hook wattle , pindan wattle and shiny leaved wattle .[2]
The shrub can grow to a height of 0.6 to 3 metres (2 to 10 ft). It flowers from March to August producing yellow flowers.[1] It has multiple stems and a spreading obconic habit. The ultimate branchlets can sometimes be sub-pendulous. The grey bark grey is mostly smooth but can become fissured longitudinally at the base of mature stems. The bright olive-green phyllodes have a linear to very narrowly elliptic shape. the blades are 5 to 18 centimetres (2 to 7 in) in length with a width of 2.5 to 13 millimetres (0.098 to 0.512 in).[2] It produces simple inflorescences simple with spikes scattered over plants with 1.5 to 4 cm (0.6 to 1.6 in) long golden flowers that are not densely arranged. Late it will form narrow and oblong seed pods with a slight curve that are 5 to 11 cm (2.0 to 4.3 in) long and 7 to 15 mm (0.28 to 0.59 in) wide.
It is native to the Northern Territory and the Pilbara and Kimberley regions of Western Australia ,[1] its range extends into far western Queensland .[2] The plant will grown in acidic red sandy soils or skeletal soils and is often found on plains, along creeks, pindan or stony plains[1] usually in spinifex communities. Mostly it will not form dense stands but regenerates readily from seed after ground disturbances or bushfires and then can produce reasonably dense populations.
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ACACIA aneura - Mulga, Acacia aneura , commonly known as mulga or true mulga , is a shrub or small tree native to arid outback areas of Australia . It is the dominant tree in the habitat that it gives its name to ( mulga ) that occurs across much of inland Australia. Specific regions have been designated the Western Australian mulga shrublands in Western Australia and Mulga Lands in Queensland.
Mulga trees are highly variable, in form, in height, and in shape of phyllodes and seed pods. They can form dense forests up to 15 metres (49 ft) high, or small, almost heath-like low shrubs spread well apart. Most commonly, mulgas are tall shrubs. Because the mulga is so variable, its taxonomy has been studied extensively, and although A. aneura is likely to be split into several species eventually, there is as yet no consensus on how or even if this should be done[citation needed ]. Although generally small in size, mulgas are long-lived, a typical life span for a tree undisturbed by fire is of the order of 200 to 300 years.
Mulga has developed extensive adaptations to the Australian desert . Like many Acacia species, it has thick-skinned phyllodes . These are optimised for low water loss, with a high oil content, sunken stomata , and a profusion of tiny hairs which reduce transpiration . During dry periods, mulgas drop much of their foliage to the ground, which provides an extra layer of mulch and from where the nutrients can be recycled.
Like most Australian Acacia species, mulga is thornless.[2] The needle-like phyllodes stand erect to avoid as much of the midday sun as possible and capture the cooler morning and evening light. Any rain that falls is channeled down the phyllodes and branches to be collected in the soil immediately next to the trunk, providing the tree with a more than threefold increase in effective rainfall. Mulga roots penetrate far into the soil to find deep moisture. The roots also harbour bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen and thus help deal with the very old, nutrient-poor soils in which the species grows.]
Mulga can be planted with sandalwood in plantations as a host tree. The tree's flowers provide forage for bees , especially when there is enough water available.[11]
Mulga is of great economic importance to the Australian pastoral industry. Despite containing considerable amounts of indigestible tannins , mulga leaves are a valuable fodder source, particularly in times of drought, as they are palatable to stock and provide up to 12% crude protein .[11]
The seeds of Acacia aneura were once used to make seedcakes . The mulga apple is an insect gall commonly eaten by aboriginal people .[12] Mulga tree gum (ngkwarle alkerampwe in the Arrernte language ) is a type of lerp scale found on mulga branches. It provides a tasty, honey -like treat.[11]
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ACACIA anthochaera,
Acacia anthochaera is a shrub or tree belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae native to Western Australia.
The rounded shrub or tree typically grows to a height of 1 to 5 metres (3 to 16 ft). It blooms from August to December and produces yellow flowers.[1]
The species was first formally described by the botanist Bruce Maslin in 1995 as part of the work Acacia Miscellany Taxonomy of some Western Australian "Uninerves-Racemosae" species (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae: section Phyllodineae) as published in the journal Nuytsia . The species as reclassified as Racosperma anthochaerum in 2003 by Leslie Pedley but returned to the genus Acacia in 2006.[2]
It is endemic to an area in the Mid West and Wheatbelt regions of Western Australia .
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ACACIA atkinsiana,
Acacia atkinsiana , commonly known as Atkin's wattle , is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae endemic to Australia. The indigenous peoples of the area where the shrub is found, the Kurrama peoples, know the shrub as Bilari or Pilarri .[2]
The open, spreading or infundibular shrub typically grows to a height of 1.3 to 3.6 metres (4 to 12 ft).[3] It mostly has a "V"-shaped habit but is sometimes rounded shrubs and generally has three to six main stems but is sometimes single-stemmed and with a spindly habit. The rounded and moderately dense crown is open but sometimes bushy when regrowing. The smooth, mid-grey to dark grey coloured bark can be longitudinally fissured on main stems bases. The grey-green to pale green phyllodes have a narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate shape with a length of 6 to 14.5 cm (2.4 to 5.7 in) and a width of 3 to 12 mm (0.12 to 0.47 in). The phyllodes are rigid and erect to ascending, generally straight but sometimes shallowly incurved with numerous parallel longitudinal nerves.[2] It blooms from December to March or May to July producing spherical yellow flowers.[3] The simple inflorescences form scattered flower-heads over the plant. The flowerheads have an obloid to spherical shape with a length of 10 to 15 mm (0.39 to 0.59 in) and a width of 8 to 11 mm (0.31 to 0.43 in) and contain 70 to 90 densely packed mid-golden flowers. The linear and flat seed pods that form after flowering can be up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in length and 4 to 6 mm (0.16 to 0.24 in) wide. The grey-brown pods are thin and crusty and straight to shallowly curved. The shiny dark brown to black seeds within the pod are 4 to 5 mm (0.16 to 0.20 in) in length and 2 mm (0.079 in) wide with a yellow coloured central area and a white aril .[2]
It is native to an area of the Pilbara region of Western Australia from around Newman and Karratha .[3] It grows in loam or on rocky ground and is found on plains, low rises and ironstone hills.[3] There are a few isolated occurrences to the south in the Gascoyne region within the catchment of the Ashburton River . In the Pilbara the bulk of the population is situated between the central parts of the Hamersley Range in the east extending west to the North West Coastal Highway east of Onslow . It is often part of spinifex plain communities and open shrubland often with Acacia ancistrocarpa and Acacia bivenosa . It often forms dense, pure stands usually in disturbed areas including verges and burnt out areas having regenerated swiftly from seed.
ACACIA baileyana - Cootamundra Wattle, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACACIA bidwillii - Corkwood Wattle,
Vachellia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae , commonly known as thorn trees or acacias . It belongs to the subfamily Mimosoideae . Its species were considered members of genus Acacia until 2009.[2] [3] Vachellia can be distinguished from other acacias by its capitate inflorescences and spinescent stipules .[4] Before discovery of the New World , Europeans in the Mediterranean region were familiar with several species of Vachellia , which they knew as sources of medicine, and had names for them that they inherited from the Greeks and Romans.[5]
The wide-ranging genus occurs in a variety of open, tropical to subtropical habitats, and is locally dominant.[6] In parts of Africa, Vachellia species are shaped progressively by grazing animals of increasing size and height, such as gazelle , gerenuk , and giraffe . The genus in Africa has thus developed thorns in defence against such herbivory.[
By 2005, it had become clear that Acacia sensu lato needed to be split into at least five separate genera. The ICN dictated that under these circumstances, the name of Acacia should remain with the original type , which was Acacia nilotica .[1] However, that year the General Committee of the IBC decided that Acacia should be given a new type (Acacia verticillatum ) so that the ~900 species of Australian acacias would not need to be renamed Racosperma . This decision was opposed by 54.9% or 247 representatives at its 2005 congress, while 45.1% or 203 votes were cast in favor. However, since a 60% vote was required to override the committee, the decision was carried, and a nom. cons. propositum was listed in Appendix III (p. 286).[8] [9] The 2011 congress voted 373 to 172 to uphold the 2005 decision, which means that the name Acacia and a new type follow the majority of the species in Acacia sensu lato , rather than this genus.[10] However, some members of the botanical community remain dissatisfied.[11]
The members of Vachellia are trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, and are always armed. Younger plants, especially, are armed with spines which are modified stipules , situated near the leaf bases. Some (cf . V. tortilis , Vachellia hebeclada [Wikidata ] , V. luederitzii and V. reficiens ) are also armed with paired, recurved prickles (in addition to the spines).[12] The leaves are alternate and bipinnately arranged, and their pinnae are usually opposite. The racemose inflorescences usually grow from the leaf axils. The yellow or creamy white flowers are produced in spherical heads, or seldom in elongate spikes, which is the general rule in the related genus Senegalia . The flowers are typically bisexual with numerous stamens, but unisexual flowers have been noted in V. nilotica (cf . Sinha, 1971).[13] The calyx and corolla are usually 4 to 5-lobed. Glands are usually present on the rachis and the upper side of the petiole . The seed pod may be straight, curved or curled, and either dehiscent or indehiscent
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ACACIA blakei,
Acacia blakei , commonly known as Blake's wattle or Wollomombi wattle ,[2] is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae that is native to north eastern Australia.
The erect tree typically grows to a height of less than 15 m (49 ft) and has fissured grey coloured bark. It has light green to brown coloured branchlets that are angular toward the apices but otherwise terete that are sometimes pruinose or scurfy. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The phyllodes are flat and falcate with an elliptic to narrowly elliptic shape and a length of 5 to 17 cm (2.0 to 6.7 in) and a width of 4 to 22 mm (0.16 to 0.87 in). They are thinly coriaceous and usually glabrous and have two or three conspicuous longitudinal nerves and two or three less prominent nerves separate to the base.[3] It blooms between August and November producing simple inflorescences that occur in groups of one to three in the axils . The cylindrical flower-heads are 2 to 6 cm (0.79 to 2.36 in) in length with yellow to pale yellow or cream-coloured flowers. After flowering straight to curved seed pods form that are more or less flat except over the seeds. The glabrous to sparsely hairy seed pods have a length of 3 to 10 cm (1.2 to 3.9 in) and a width of 2 to 4 mm (0.079 to 0.157 in) and have a firmly papery to thinly leathery texture and are smooth or wrinkled longitudinally.
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ACACIA brachystachya - Umbrella Mulga,
Acacia brachystachya (bra-chy-stΓ -chy-a -- pronounced 'brackeeSTAKEeea'),[1] commonly known as umbrella mulga ,[2] turpentine mulga [1] or false bowgada ,[3] is a shrub in the family Fabaceae . The species occurs in mulga and heath communities on sandhills and rocky ridges in all mainland states of Australia , except Victoria .[3]
Acacia brachystachya grows as a tall, bushy inland shrub to five metres with twisted, spreading stems, and is branched at the base.[4] Like most Acacia species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. These may be up to 18 centimetres long, are mostly one to three millimetres wide and a grey-green colour.[5] The flowers are yellow, and held in cylindrical clusters about two centimetres long (up to 25 millimetres).[5] The pods are long and straight, up to 12 centimetres long and 8 millimetres across.[5] It has peduncles up to 10mm with short, stiff hairs.[5]
Acacia brachystachya is a shrub or small tree found in inland Australia. It is found in New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia.[5] Within NSW it is usually found in the Central Western Slopes, the Western Plains, and North Far Western Plains.[5]
Acacia brachystachya is commonly found on sandy loam soils near Acacia aneura , and on sandy soils between dunes. In addition to this, in the eastern section of its range, it occurs on shallow stony soils.[4] Its environmental requirements are much alike to those of Acacia ramulosa , albeit with a narrower geographic range.[4] Although A. brachystachya is both related to and confused with A. aneura and A. ramulosa , it is distinguishable in the difference of the pods.[3]
Acacia Mill. sect. Juliflorae Benth. , commonly referred to as mulga includes A. brachystachya .[9] Most Acacias have been studied comprehensively, however many mulgas have not.[9] It has been concluded that it is likely that mulga plants are insect pollinated as this is often the case with arid zone Acacias.[9] Although it generally flowers in AprilβAugust, A. brachystachya does flower irregularly depending on weather and climatic conditions.[3] These flowers are hermaphroditic and grow after heavy rainfall at any time of year.[9] Despite the potential year round flowering, reproduction does not always follow. Mature pods are usually only developed when summer rain is the cause of flowering followed by rain in the subsequent winter.[9] Because A. brachystachya is most easily distinguished from similar species by assessing the pods, it can be difficult to correctly identify without having experiencing the appropriate climatic conditions
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ACACIA brumalis - Narrow-leaf Winter Wattle,
Acacia brumalis is a shrub or tree belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae . It is native to an area in the Wheatbelt , Great Southern and the Mid West regions of Western Australia .[1]
The dense to open branched shrub or tree typically grows to a height of 1 to 3 metres (3 to 10 ft). It blooms from May to September and produces yellow flowers.
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ACACIA burkittii - Sandhill Wattle,
Acacia burkittii is a species of wattle endemic to Western Australia , South Australia and western New South Wales , where it is found in arid zones,[3] and is a perennial shrub in the family Fabaceae . Common names for it include Burkitt's wattle , fine leaf jam , gunderbluey , pin bush and sandhill wattle .[3] It has also been introduced into India .[citation needed ] Previously this species was referred to as Acacia acuminata subsp. burkittii , but is now considered to be a separate species.[4] Grows in mallee, eucalypt and mulga woodland or shrubland, often on sandhills.[5]
Erect or spreading shrub 1β4 m high or sometimes taller; bark finely fissured, dark brown; branchlets terete, glabrous.
Phyllodes straight or curved, terete or subterete, 5β16 cm long, 0.5β1.3 mm wide, obscurely multistriate, usually finely hairy along margins especially towards curved, acute apex; glands absent or 1 inconspicuous gland at base; pulvinus 2β3 mm long.
Inflorescences 2 or 3 in axil of phyllodes; heads Β± ovoid or cylindrical, 0.5β1.5 cm long, bright yellow, usually sessile or with peduncles 1β3 mm long. Flowers mostly 4-merous; calyx dissected by 1/2 or more, the lobes usually narrow, with rounded obtuse apices (i.e. Β± spathulate).
Pods slightly curved, moniliform, 5β12 cm long, 5β7 mm wide, papery, glabrous; seeds longitudinal; funicle expanded towards seed.
Flowers from July to October.
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ACACIA caesiella - Tableland Wattle,
Acacia caesiella , commonly known as tableland wattle , bluebush wattle or blue bush , is a shrub or small tree that is endemic to eastern Australia .
The shrub or small tree typically grows to a height of 1 to 3.5 m (3 ft 3 in to 11 ft 6 in) and sometimes as high as 5 m (16 ft) with an erect or spreading habit. It has smooth grey or brown bark and angled branchlets. Like most Acacia s it has phyllodes instead of true leaves. The phyllodes have a 4 to 10 cm (1.6 to 3.9 in) length and a width of 3 to 7 mm (0.12 to 0.28 in) with a narrowly elliptic to linear shape that is straight or curved. Globular yellow flowerheads appear between July and October in the species' native range.[1] [2] The spherical heads flower-heads have a diameter of 4 to 6.5 mm (0.16 to 0.26 in) and contain 12 to 20 bright yellow or deep yellow coloured flowers. The seed pods that form after flowering are flat and straight to slightly curved with a length of 4 to 9 cm (1.6 to 3.5 in) and a with of 6 to 10 mm (0.24 to 0.39 in) that are firmly papery to leathery.[1]
It is found in the state of New South Wales mostly of the slopes of the Great Dividing Range from around Burrenjuck in the south out Mount Coricudgy in the east and to Baradine in the west. It is found on rocky areas as a part of dry sclerophyll woodland communities
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ACACIA cardiophylla - Wyalong Wattle,
Acacia cardiophylla , commonly known as West Wyalong wattle or Wyalong wattle , is an evergreen shrub that is endemic to eastern Australia .
The shrub typically grows to a height of 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) and has feathery like leaves and bright yellow flowers during its July to November blooming period.[1] It can have an erect to spreading habit and often has multiple stems. The dark grey or mottled brown bark is smooth. It blooms between August and November producing inflorescences in groups to 6 to 21 in axillary racemes. Each inflorescence has a zig-zag shaped axis with a length of 1.2 to 6 cm (0.47 to 2.36 in). The spherical flower-heads have a diameter of 3 to 5 mm (0.12 to 0.20 in) and contain 20 to 40 bright yellow flowers. After flowering firmly papery to thinly leathery seed pods that are flat and straight to slightly curved form. The hairy brown pods are 1.5 to 11.5 cm (0.59 to 4.53 in) in length and 4 to 6.5 mm (0.16 to 0.26 in) wide.[2]
Acacia cardiophylla is indigenous to central and southern New South Wales and is found Gilgandra in the north down to around Wagga Wagga in the south and extending to the Lake Cargelligo area in the west. It is found on stony hills and ridges in shallow rocky sandy soils as a part of Eucalyptus woodland and mallee communities.[2] It has also now become naturalized in part of the Central Coast and Southern Tablelands regions.
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ACACIA celastrifolia - Grey Myrtle Wattle,
Acacia celastrifolia , commonly known as the glowing wattle ,[1] is a shrub or tree belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae native to Western Australia.
The bushy shrub or tree typically grows to a height of 1 to 3 metres (3 to 10 ft).[2] It has phyllodes that are 2 to 6 centimetres (0.8 to 2.4 in) in length and 5 to 25 mm (0.20 to 0.98 in) wide with prominent central and marginal nerves.[1] Each phyllode has an obovate to oblanceolate or elliptic shape.[3] It blooms from April to August and produces yellow flowers.[2] The inflorescences are composed of a raceme with 10 to 20 heads over a length of 3 to 12 centimetres (1.2 to 4.7 in) with globular heads containing two to three bright golden flowers. Erect, linear, woody and straight to shallowly curved seed pods form after flowering and are to around 12 cm (4.7 in) long and 3 to 4 millimetres (0.118 to 0.157 in) wide. The oblong glossy brown seeds within are 4 to 5 millimetres (0.157 to 0.197 in) in length.[3]
A. celastrifolis is part of the Acacia myrtifolia group and is also closely related to Acacia clydonophora .[3]
It is native to an area along in the South West and the Wheatbelt regions of Western Australia .[2] It is found growing in sandy to gravelly lateritic or granitic soils amongst woodland or kwongan [1] or on laterite hills as part of Eucalyptus (often Eucalyptus accedens ) woodland communities.
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ACACIA conferta - Crowded-leaf Wattle,
Acacia conferta , commonly known as crowded-leaf wattle ,[1] is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae that is endemic to eastern Australia .
The shrub or tree with a rounded habit[1] that typically grows to a height of 4 m (13 ft) that has slender spreading branchlets with dense to sparse hairs. The ascending to erect and crowded phyllodes are on short stem-projections. The flat green phyllodes have a linear-oblanceolate to oblong-elliptic shape and a length of 5 to 12 mm (0.20 to 0.47 in) and a width of 1 to 1.6 mm (0.039 to 0.063 in).[2] It mostly blooms between April and August producing simple inflorescences that occur singly in the axils . The spherical flower-heads contain 20 to 25 bright yellow flowers. The seed pods that form after flowering are up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in length and 10 to 15 mm (0.39 to 0.59 in) in width and contain oblong-elliptic shaped seeds that are 5 to 6 mm (0.20 to 0.24 in) in length.[2]
The shrub is found in western New South Wales around Moree and Warialda on slopes and plains extending north into south eastern Queensland to west of Blackall and east to the coast around Proserpine . It will grow in sandy or loamy soils and is often a part of dry sclerophyll forest or Eucalyptus woodland communities.[2]
It is sometimes cultivated and can be propagated by scarifying the seeds or treatment with boiling water. It prefers a sunny position and will grow in most soil types that needs a well-drained position. It is also frost tolerant and can cope to temperatures as low as β7 Β°C (19 Β°F).
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ACACIA coriacea - Wirewood,
Acacia coriacea , commonly known as river jam , wirewood , desert oak , wiry wattle or dogwood , is a tree in the family Mimosoideae of family Fabaceae . Indigenous Australians know the plant as Gunandru .[1]
River jam grows to a height of about eight metres. It usually has just one or two main trunks. Like most Acacia species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. These are thick and leathery, between twenty and thirty centimetres long, and narrow. The flowers are yellow, and held in spherical clusters about five millimetres in diameter. The pods are usually curled up, but are around twenty centimetres long when straightened. They are greatly constricted between the seeds.[2] Indigenous Australians used the seeds of the plant as a food source.[1]
Acacia coriacea occurs throughout northern Australia , growing as a tall tree on the banks of rivers. It can also occur as a spreading, low tree behind coastal dunes and on 'spinifex' plains.[3]
In some parts of A. coriacea's range the common name "desert oak" is prevalent,[4] but throughout the larger part of that range this name is often applied to another tree, Allocasuarina decaisneana .[5] [6]
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ACACIA cowleana - Halls Creek Wattle,
Acacia cowleana , Halls Creek wattle , is a northern Australian native shrub.[2] It is a flowering plant with yellow flowers that only open in winter.[3] Its origin is the Northern Australia's dry tropics.[4] It belongs to the genus of Acacia .
It is a small tree of height 1β7 metres (6β12 feet) with large grey phyllodes and yellow rod flowers.[5] Its bark is fibrous. The phyllodes are 80 to 200 mm long by 10β30 mm wide and curved.[6]
The shrub grows in woodlands with spinifex at Beulah Station near Enngonia.[7] Its growth is medium-fast. It easily grows from seed but has a short life span.[8] It is a reliable shrub for temperate to arid climates in reasonably well drained soils. Though not generally considered to be endangered, the species is regarded as rare in New South Wales .[6] [7] It is not commonly cultivated, though it is reported to be grown in California.
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ACACIA craspedocarpa - Hop Mulga,
Acacia craspedocarpa , commonly known as hop mulga [1] or the broad-leaved mulga ,[2] is a shrub or tree in the family Fabaceae native to central parts of western Australia .
Hop mulga is a spreading or erect shrubby tree that typically grows to a height of 1.2 to 4 m (3 ft 11 in to 13 ft 1 in) but can grow as tall as 8 m (26 ft).[1] It has corky bark,[2] scurfy branchlets with resinous ribs and dark red-brown coloured new shoots. Like most Acacia species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. These are thick and bluish green in colour with a length of 1.5 to 2.5 cm (0.59 to 0.98 in) and a width of 8 to 12 mm (0.31 to 0.47 in). They have an orbicular to broadly obovate or oblong shape and have a rounded tip usually with three main longitudinal nerves.[3] The simple inflorescences occur singly in the axils with cylindrical clusters that have a length of 12 to 20 mm (0.47 to 0.79 in) and a diameter of 5 mm (0.20 in) and are packed with yellow coloured flowers.[4] The pods broad and flat seed pods that form after flowering resemble the pods of the hop plant.[5]
It is endemic arid to semi-arid areas in the Mid West and western Goldfields regions of Western Australia , it occurs in watercourses, on floodplains, on flats, in low-lying areas and alongside rivers goring in red clay or loamy soils or on alluvium and stony red earth.[1]
The ornamental medium to tall plant is available commercially and grows well drained light to heavy soils in full sun or partial shade and is drought tolerant once it is established. It will also tolerate a light frost to around β8 Β°C (18 Β°F) It is quite long lived and can grow well in a container.
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ACACIA crassa,
Acacia crassa , commonly known as the curracabah , is a species of Acacia native to eastern Australia .[1
The shrub to tree typically grows to a height of 12 metres (39 ft) and has finely corrugated bark that fissures at the base.[1] The angled stout branchlets are light or dark grey or red-brown and often have distinct lenticels . The evergreen phyllodes have a narrowly elliptic shape that gradually tapers both ends. They are usually 12 to 24 centimetres (5 to 9 in) in length and 3 to 25 millimetres (0.12 to 0.98 in) wide and have three prominent main nerves. It flowers between July and October, the further south the later it flowers.[2] It produces a flower-spike with a length of 4 to 8 cm (1.6 to 3.1 in) densely packed with golden flowers. After flowering glabrous linear seed pods that raised over and constricted between the seeds Pods are around 4.5 to 10 cm (1.8 to 3.9 in) in length and 2.5 to 3 mm (0.098 to 0.118 in) wide. The pods contain black seeds with an elliptic shape with a length of 3 to 6 mm (0.118 to 0.236 in).[2]
Its range follows along the line of the Great Dividing Range from around Mackay in Queensland to about Newcastle in New South Wales [2] where it is found on sandstone and rocky conglomerate areas growing in gravelly, sandy, sandy loam or clayey soils. It is usually a part of sclerophyll woodland, heath or open scrub communities
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....................................................................................... EUCALYPTUS cinerea - Argyle Apple,
Eucalyptus cinerea , commonly known as the Argyle apple or mealy stringbark ,[2] is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to south-eastern Australia . It has rough, fibrous bark on the trunk and branches, usually only juvenile, glaucous , egg-shaped leaves, flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and conical to bell-shaped fruit.
leaves, buds, flowers and fruit Description [ edit ]Eucalyptus cinerea is a tree that typically grows to a height of 15β30 m (49β98 ft) tall and forms a lignotuber . It has thick, fibrous, reddish brown to grey brown, longitudinally fissured bark on the trunk to the small branches. The leaves on young plants and on coppice regrowth are arranged in opposite pairs, sessile , glaucous, broadly egg-shaped to more or less round, up to 80 mm (3.1 in) long and 50 mm (2.0 in) wide. Intermediate leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, glaucous, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, 48β90 mm (1.9β3.5 in) long and 20β45 mm (0.79β1.77 in) wide on a petiole 4β15 mm (0.16β0.59 in) long. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, lance-shaped, 90β140 mm (3.5β5.5 in) long and 15β50 mm (0.59β1.97 in) wide on a petiole up to 11 mm (0.43 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of three in leaf axils on a peduncle 2β9 mm (0.079β0.354 in) long, the individual buds sessile or on a pedicel up to 3 mm (0.12 in) long. Mature buds are glaucous, diamond-shaped, 6β8 mm (0.24β0.31 in) long and 3β5 mm (0.12β0.20 in) wide with a conical operculum . Flowering occurs between May and November and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, conical to bell-shaped capsule 4β7 mm (0.16β0.28 in) long and 5β9 mm (0.20β0.35 in) wide with the valves level with the rim or slightly beyond.[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Argyle apple is typically found from north of Bathurst (33Β° S), in central west New South Wales , to the Beechworth area of Victoria (36Β° S).[6] It is often part of grassy or sclerophyll woodland communities growing in shallow and relatively infertile soils usually as part of the understorey. Subspecies cinerea occurs in the Australian Capital Territory and Captains Flat in New South Wales and subspecies triplex in the Australian Capital Territory and Captains Flat in New South Wales.[3] Subspecies victoriensis is only known from hilly country near Beechworth in Victoria .
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EUCALYPTUS gunnii ssp. ssp divaricata - Cider Gum,
Eucalyptus gunnii , commonly known as cider gum ,[4] is a species of small to medium-sized tree endemic to Tasmania. It has mostly smooth bark, lance-shaped to egg-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and cylindrical to barrel-shaped fruit.
Eucalyptus gunnii is a tree that typically grows to a height of 35 m (115 ft)[5] :391 and forms a lignotuber . It has smooth, mottled, white or grey bark, sometimes with persistent rough bark on the lower trunk. Young plants and coppice regrowth have sessile leaves arranged in opposite pairs. The juvenile leaves are heart-shaped to more or less round, greyish green or glaucous , 13β45 mm (0.51β1.77 in) long and 17β40 mm (0.67β1.57 in) wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, lance-shaped to egg-shaped, the same dull greyish to bluish green on both sides, 40β90 mm (1.6β3.5 in) long and 12β35 mm (0.47β1.38 in) wide on a petiole 9β23 mm (0.35β0.91 in) long.
The flowers are arranged in leaf axils in groups of three on an unbranched peduncle 3β9 mm (0.12β0.35 in) long, the individual buds sessile or on a pedicels up to 4 mm (0.16 in) long. Mature buds are oval, 5β9 mm (0.20β0.35 in) long and 3β5 mm (0.12β0.20 in) wide with a conical, rounded or flattened operculum . It flowers in most months and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody cylindrical to barrel-shaped capsule 5β9 mm (0.20β0.35 in) long and 5β7 mm (0.20β0.28 in) wide with the valves near rim level or enclosed.[4] [6]
Cider gum grows in woodland and occurs on the plains and slopes of the central plateaux and dolerite mountains at altitudes up to about 1,100 m (3,600 ft), with isolated occurrences south of Hobart.[6] [10] [11]
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit .[12] [13] This species is noted for exceptional cold tolerance for a eucalyptus (to β14 Β°C, exceptionally β20 Β°C for brief periods) and is now commonly planted as an ornamental tree across the British Isles and some parts of western Europe.[14] Fast-growing, it will produce a tree up to 37 m (121 ft) tall when mature,[15] with growth rates of up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), rarely 2 m (6 ft 7 in), per year.
Pruning can be employed to maintain the tree as a small shrub if required and more shaded spots will restrict growth. It does grow in full sun on sandy/chalky soils, well supplied with water, but prefers a loamy soil; it does not tolerate very wet sites. It is one of the most rustic eucalyptus trees alongside Eucalyptus pauciflora and Eucalyptus parvula .[citation needed ]
The fragrant leaves give off essential oils when they are creased or burned, which are used in different forms (floral composition, infusion , tincture , oil, etc) to treat many respiratory diseases , rheumatism , migraines , fatigue and as antiseptic .[16]
The indigenous people of Tasmania used the sap of the tree to produce a fermented beverage called way-a-linah .[17]
Juvenile foliage of the cultivar 'Silver Drop'
Given its rapid growth, it is better to plant E. gunnii at a safe distance from homes
Young specimen in Maranoa Gardens
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EUCALYPTUS marginata - Jarrah, Eucalyptus marginata , commonly known as jarrah , [1] djarraly in Noongar language [2] and historically as Swan River mahogany , [3] is a plant in the myrtle family , Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia . It is a tree with rough, fibrous bark, leaves with a distinct midvein, white flowers and relatively large, more or less spherical fruit. Its hard, dense timber is insect resistant although the tree is susceptible to dieback . The timber has been utilised for cabinet-making , flooring and railway sleepers .
Jarrah is a tree which sometimes grows to a height of 40 m (100 ft) high with a trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter. Older specimens have a lignotuber and roots that extend down as far as 40 m (100 ft). It is a stringybark with rough, greyish-brown, vertically grooved, fibrous bark which sheds in long flat strips. The leaves are arranged alternately along the branches, narrow lance-shaped, often curved, 8β13 cm (3β5 in) long and 1.5β3 cm (0.6β1 in) broad, shiny dark green above and paler below. There is a distinct midvein, spreading lateral veins and a marginal vein separated from the margin. The stalked flower buds are arranged in umbels of between 4 and 8, each bud with a narrow, conical cap 5β9 mm (0.2β0.4 in) long. The flowers 1β2 cm (0.4β0.8 in) in diameter, with many white stamens and bloom in spring and early summer. The fruit are spherical to barrel-shaped, and 9β20 mm (0.4β0.8 in) long and broad.[4] [5] [6] [7]
Eucalyptus marginata was first formally described in 1802 by James Edward Smith , whose description was published in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London . Smith noted that his specimens had grown from seeds brought from Port Jackson and noted a resemblance to both Eucalyptus robusta and E. pilularis .[8] [9] The specific epithet (marginata ) is a Latin word meaning "furnished with a border".[10] Smith did not provide an etymology for the epithet but did note that, compared to E. robusta "the margin [of the leaves] is more thickened".[9]
Eucalyptus marginata occurs in the south-west corner of Western Australia, generally where the rainfall isohyet exceeds 600 mm (20 in). It is found inland as far as Mooliabeenee , Clackline and Narrogin and in the south as far east as the Stirling Range . Its northern limit is Mount Peron near Jurien Bay but there are also outliers at Kulin and Tutanning in the Pingelly Shire . The plant often takes the form of a mallee in places like Mount Lesueur and in the Stirling Range but it is usually a tree and in southern forests sometimes reaches a height of 40 metres (130 ft). It typically grows in soils derived from ironstone and is generally found within its range, wherever ironstone is present.[4] [11] [12]
Jarrah is an important element in its ecosystem , providing numerous habitats for animal life β especially birds and bees β while it is alive, and in the hollows that form as the heartwood decays. When it falls, it provides shelter to ground-dwellers such as the chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii ), a carnivorous marsupial .
Jarrah has shown considerable adaptation to different ecologic zones β as in the Swan Coastal Plain and further north, and also to a different habitat of the lateritic Darling Scarp .[13]
Jarrah is very vulnerable to dieback caused by the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi . In large sections of the Darling Scarp there have been various measures to reduce the spread of dieback by washing down vehicles, and restricting access to areas of forest not yet infected.
Jarrah produces a dark, thick, tasty honey, but its wood is its main use. It is a heavy wood, with a specific gravity of 1.1 when green. Its long, straight trunks of richly coloured and beautifully grained termite-resistant timber make it valuable for cabinet making, flooring, panelling and outdoor furniture. The finished lumber has a deep rich reddish-brown colour and an attractive grain. When fresh, jarrah is quite workable but when seasoned it becomes so hard that conventional wood-working tools are near useless on it.[14] It is mainly used for cabinet making and furniture although in the past it was used in general construction, railway sleepers and piles . In the 19th century, famous roads in other countries were paved with jarrah blocks covered with asphalt .[1] [4]
Jarrah wood is very similar to that of Karri, Eucalyptus diversicolor . Both trees are found in the southwest of Australia, and the two woods are frequently confused. They can be distinguished by cutting an unweathered splinter and burning it: karri burns completely to a white ash, whereas jarrah forms charcoal. This property of jarrah was critical to charcoal making and charcoal iron smelting operations at Wundowie from 1948 to 1981.[15] Most of the best jarrah has been logged in southwestern Australia.
A large amount was exported to the United Kingdom, where it was cut into blocks and covered with asphalt for roads. One of the large exporters in the late nineteenth century was M. C. Davies who had mills from the Margaret River to the Augusta region of the southwest, and ports at Hamelin Bay and Flinders Bay .
The local poet Dryblower Murphy wrote a poem, "Comeanavajarrah" that was published in The Sunday Times of May 1904, about the potential to extract alcohol from jarrah timber.[16]
Jarrah has become more highly prized, and supports an industry that recycles it from demolished houses. Even so, in 2004, old 4-by-2-inch (10 by 5 cm) recycled jarrah was routinely advertised in Perth papers for under $1.50 per metre.[citation needed ] Larger pieces of the timber were produced in the early history of the industry, from trees of great age, and these are also recovered from the demolition of older buildings.
Offcuts and millends, dead and fire-affected jarrah also sell as firewood for those using wood for heating in Perth, and 1-tonne (2,200 lb) loads can (as of winter 2005) exceed $160 per load.[17] Jarrah tends to work well in slow combustion stoves and closed fires and generates a greater heat than most other available woods.[citation needed ]
Jarrah is used in musical instrument making, for percussion instruments and guitar inlays.
Because of its remarkable resistance to rot, jarrah is used to make hot tubs .
Eucalyptus marginata have been used for traditional purposes as well. Some parts of the jarrah tree were used as a remedy for some illnesses and diseases. Fever, colds, headaches, skin diseases and snakes bites were traditionally cured through the use of jarrah leaves and bark.
EUCALYPTUS viminalis ssp. viminalis - Ribbon Gum, EUCALYPTUS - diversicolor Karri, EUCALYPTUS obliqua - Messmate Stringybark, EUCALYPTUS caesia ssp. magna - Silver Princess, EUCALYPTUS leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EUCALYPTUS microcorys - Tallowwood,
Koala Primary food tree in some area's of Australia :) Let's grow more to ensure the Koala's can grow and survive
Eucalyptus microcorys , tallowwood or tallowood , is a Eucalypt species native to and common in New South Wales and Queensland , Australia . It grows in forests near the coast on moderate to fertile soils in a protected, sunny position.[1] Tallowwood is drought and frost tender.
Tallowwood is a medium to tall evergreen tree growing to 40 metres, and occasionally to 70 m,[3] with rough, stringy or fibrous, red-brown, orange or brown-grey bark throughout.[4]
It has long and narrow adult leaves of lanceolate, ovate or slightly falcate shape, 6 to 15 centimetres (2.4 to 5.9 in) long by 1.5 to 3.5 centimetres (0.59 to 1.38 in) wide, glossy green on the upper surface and dull green beneath, and with prominent, well-spaced side veins having an angle greater than 45Β° to the leaf mid-rib.[4] [1]
Its white to lemon coloured flowers are usually located at the ends of the branchlets in groups of 7 to 11 buds per umbel . The mature buds are small, club-shaped, and 0.3 to 0.6 centimetres (0.12 to 0.24 in) long by 0.2 to 0.3 centimetres (0.079 to 0.118 in) wide.[4] [1]
The fruit ("gum-nuts") are obconical (inverted cone) in shape, 0.5 to 0.9 centimetres (0.20 to 0.35 in) long by 0.4 to 0.6 centimetres (0.16 to 0.24 in) wide, with 3 or 4 valves near the level of, or slightly raised above, the open-end rim.[1]
Propagation is by seed.
Its botanical name originates from Greek micro- : small, and corys : cap or helmet, referring to the small shape of the flower bud cap (operculum).[4] The Tallowwood name is believed to refer to the greasy (tallow) feel of the wood when cut.
The timber is naturally oily with a high tannin content and is heavily used for decking and, recently, garden furniture. It has a distinct yellowish-brown to olive-green colour. The leaves can be used to dye wool and silk.
It is one of the species whose leaves are used for food by koalas and it's also the Brushtail Possum's favourite leaf and flowers to eat. It flowers most years, something that is unusual amongst the Eucalypts it does not yield nectar or pollen in quantities that are useful for beekeepers.
EUCALYPTUS robusta - Swamp Mahogany EUCALYPTUS camaldulensis - River Red Gum, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EUCALYPTUS amplifolia ssp sessiliflora-Cabbage Gum,
Koala Primary food tree in some area's of Australia :) Let's grow more to ensure the Koala's can grow and survive
Eucalyptus amplifolia , commonly known as the cabbage gum ,[2] is a tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has smooth bark on its trunk and branches, lance-shaped leaves, and buds in groups of between seven to fifteen or more. The flowers are white and the fruit are woody hemispherical capsules . It is common on the coastal areas and tablelands of New South Wales and adjacent areas in south eastern Queensland , occurring as far south as Bega .
Eucalyptus amplifolia is a tree that can grow to 30 m (100 ft) in height in forest situations, though it is often shorter in sparser woodland areas. It has smooth, often blotchy, white, cream, yellow, grey, pink or blue-grey bark throughout the trunk and branches, usually with loose, flaking grey slabs persistent at the base and lower trunk. The leaves on young plants are rounded, egg-shaped or triangular, green, 50β220 mm (2β9 in) long, 35β180 mm (1β7 in) and predominately held horizontal to the ground. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, broadly lance-shaped, 75β250 mm (3β10 in) long and 16β70 mm (0.6β3 in) wide on a petiole 10β30 mm (0.4β1 in) long. Side-veins are 45Β° or greater to the midrib, and the leaves are of a dull or glossy green of same hue both sides of the leaf.[2] [3] [4]
The flowers are arranged in groups of seven to fifteen or more, the groups on a flattened or angular peduncle 7β15 mm (0.3β0.6 in) long, the individual flowers sometimes on a pedicel up to 8 mm (0.3 in) long or sessile . The buds are cone-shaped, the floral cup hemispherical 2β3 mm (0.08β0.1 in) long, the operculum conical, 7β9 mm (0.3β0.4 in) long and about 4 mm (0.2 in) wide at the join. Flowering occurs between November and January and the fruit is a woody, hemispherical capsule 2β5 mm (0.08β0.2 in) long and 4β6 mm (0.16β0.24 in) wide on a pedicel 1β5 mm (0.04β0.2 in) long. There are three or four upward-pointing valves on the top of the fruit.[2] [3] [4]
Cabbage gum grows in grassy woodland and forest, often in depressions and on river flats.[2] [4]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EUCALYPTUS dwyeri - Dwyer's Red Gum, EUCALYPTUS globulus bicostata Victorian Blue Gum, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +EUCALYPTUS gomphocephala - Tuart Eucalyptus gomphocephala , known as tuart , [3] is a species of tree, one of the six forest giants of Southwest Australia . Tuart forest was common on the Swan coastal plain, until the valuable trees were felled for export and displaced by the urban development around Perth, Western Australia . The wood is dense, hard, water resistant and resists splintering, and found many uses when it was available. Remnants of tuart forest occur in state reserves and parks, the tree has occasionally been introduced to other regions of Australia and overseas. Remaining trees are vulnerable to phytophthora dieback , an often fatal disorder, including a previously unknown species discovered during analysis of dead specimens
The tree is native to the southwest of Western Australia and typically grows to a height of 10 to 40 metres (33 to 131 ft).[3] Taller trees are often found at the southern end of the trees range while smaller trees are found at the northern end.[4] The crown of the tree can spread up to a width of 25 metres (82 ft).[5] The habit of tuart is a tall single stemmed tree, but may form a low and multi-stemmed tree at the edge of stands in response to salinity and winds.[6]
Tuart has box -like rough bark over the length of the trunk and branches.[3] The bark is fibrous and grey in colour[5] and breaks into smaller flaky pieces.[7] Leaves are stalked, alternate, with a lanceolate or falcate shape. The leaves are slightly discolorous to concolorous, glossy, light green and thin. The leaf blade is 90 to 160 millimetres (3.5 to 6.3 in) in length and often curved.[7] White flowers appear in mid summer to mid autumn between January to April.[3] Buds that are almost stalkless appear as clusters in groups of seven. The buds have swollen caps, said to resemble a small ice cream cone , that are around 8 to 10 mm (0.31 to 0.39 in) long.[7] The flowers are formed in tight clusters made up of around seven flowers. These later form into fruits with a mushroom shape containing small red-brown seeds.[5] The fruits are narrow and 13 to 25 mm (0.51 to 0.98 in) in length with a broad rim.[7]
The distribution range of the species is a narrow coastal corridor within the Swan Coastal Plain , extending inland 5 to 10 kilometres (3.1 to 6.2 mi), a continuous strip south from Yanchep to Busselton .[3] This area has been intensively cleared for changes in agricultural practices, then urbanisation, so that the numbers of tuart trees and forest was greatly reduced after the establishment of the Swan River Colony .[9] Outlying patches of the tree are found to the north of Yanchep as far as Geraldton and further inland where rivers intersect the range. The species has become naturalised in other places.[3]
It grows in sandy well drained soils, often over limestone ,[3] in sunny positions.[4]
The trees are part of coastal shrubland ecosystems in areas of deep sand. They also will often be part of limited woodland communities in protected areas along the coast.[5] When it occurs in woodland or open forest it is often associated with peppermint trees (Agonis flexuosa ) in the understorey.[13]
As a durable hardwood the timber is sought after for scantlings, structural timber, the construction of railway carriages, and boat building. The colouring and grain pattern of the timber also makes it a popular choice for furniture manufactures. Due to over-logging the tuart is a protected tree with conditions placed on felling.
The heartwood is a pale yellow-brown colour with a fine texture and a highly interlocked grain, close and twisted, almost curled back.[13] [9] The green wood has a density of 1,250 kilograms per cubic metre (78 lb/cu ft) and an air-dried density of 1,030 kilograms per cubic metre (64 lb/cu ft).[13]
The flowers are an excellent source for the production of honey .[4] The colour of the product is described as light and creamy and it candies quickly to become hard and dry if properly matured in the hive. The quality of the source was noted as very high in 1939, although it was determined to be an 'undependable source' thirty years later.[9]
The tree is moderately tolerant of saline soil and salt-laden winds. It is also drought and frost tolerant.[4] Individual trees may live over four hundred years.[9]
Ludlow forestExperimental cultivation in the 1930s of the species identified that it was able to grow in areas of low rainfall, as little as thirteen inches per annum. They were introduced to France and grown extensively there by the end of the nineteenth century,[9]
The biodiversity of tuart forest is rich, containing unique assemblages of plants, fungi and animals. A 2009 survey of endophytic fungi on woody species at two tuart woodlands, sampling acacia Acacia cochlearis , A. rostellifera , the sheoak Allocasuarina fraseriana , peppermint Agonis flexuosa , Banksia grandis , sandalwood Santalum acuminatum , and eucalypts jarrah Eucalyptus marginata and tuart, found around three quarters of isolates were taxa of the family Botryosphaeriaceae , eighty percent of which was the species Neofusicoccum australe . Four new taxa, Dothiorella moneti , Dothiorella santali , Neofusicoccum pennatisporum , and Aplosporella yalgorensis , resulted from the analysis of the survey. The species Botryosphaeria dothidea was also isolated from acacia and jarrah samples.[14]
Tuart gives its name to a description of an ecological community , as the dominant species of the canopy at Tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala ) woodlands and forests of the Swan Coastal Plain (Tuart woodlands and forests). The area where these occur is noted as a greatly reduced, and those remaining are fragmented populations of variable quality.[15] A proposal submitted in 2017 recommended these be listed as critically endangered in the nation's register of threatened ecological communities.[16] Tuart may also occur in the threatened community Banksia woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain .[15]
The species is vulnerable to dieback, associated with fungal species of the genus Phytophthora . A study in 2007 of infected or deceased tuart trees and woodland identified isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi , already implicated in the decline of tuart, and that of organismsβpreviously diagnosed as that of the Phytophthora citricola complexβwas identified as a new species Phytophthora multivora .[17] Damage to reproductive process by a native predator was first noticed at the end of the nineteenth century. Larvae deposited in flowers by the tuart bud weevil Haplonyx tibialis (Curculionidae ) feed on the tissue in the operculum, the female weevil having caused the budding flower to become partly or completely damaged after laying a single egg; the larvae eventually emerge by chewing through the base of the bud.[10]
Tuart forest persisted in situ through the last glacial maximum , and extended its range thirty kilometres to the west as the coastline became exposed by lower sea levels. The historical phylogeography of the tuart forest indicates the moderating influence of the marine climate in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region during a period of aridification and other severe climate changes elsewhere on the continent.[18]
The extent and maturity of tuart forest and woodland was greatly reduced after colonisation. When Charles Fraser viewed them during a preliminary exploration toward Guildford he remarked on their 'stupendous' size. Drummond recorded specimens between nine and thirteen metres in circumference at a forest north of Busselton.[9]
Tuart in Lane-Poole's Primer of Forestry 1927The timber from the colony's first sawmill , amongst tuart forest at Kings Park , was used by Henry Trigg for construction of the new government's infrastructure; Trigg describes the "Tewart" wood's desirable qualities, durable, yet workable, as similar to white gum [eucalypt] and the lignum vitae of the South American genus Guaiacum . The four ton cogwheels at the Old Mill, Perth were hewn from this wood. The utility of the timber was remarked on by George Fletcher Moore , the 1830s colonial diarist, the value to industries such as shipbuilding was derived from its resistance to splitting and splintering. The British Admiralty received loads of this timber at Portsmouth and Chatham during the 1850β60s, exported from Wonnerup and Bunbury, Western Australia , an inspection by Thomas Laslett also gave the most favourable possible assessment.[19] A plan to export a four-metre-wide (13 ft) tuart to the 1851 Great Exhibition was abandoned when an adequate saw could not be found. The timber was given additional value due to the proximity of the forests to ports at the coast. The land made available by the destruction of forests was recommended for the introduction of species at orchards, producing apples, grapes, pears, peaches and nectarines, by the state's Department of Agriculture in the 1890s. The timber produced in the state forest during the early twentieth century was used for railway carriages, greatly reducing costs by replacing steel with tuart and wandoo .[20] The wood was only available in small quantities for private uses, notably stair treads and the favoured source for butcher 's blocks.[9]
The species was surveyed in 1882 by Surveyor General Malcolm Fraser , his map showing them occurring at an area measuring 130000 hectares. They were well known to the settlers of the Swan River Colony , the first road from the port to the capital passed through what they named as Claremont Tuart Forest. The first state conservator of forest, John Ednie Brown , reported the remaining extent of tuart forest as 81000ha in 1895, impressed by straight trunked specimens to 50m high and 7m circumference, while conceding the density and condition of them prior to his survey were not known to him. The 1903-04 Royal Commission on Forestry, hearing evidence from sawmiller and government member H. J. Yelverton , reported just over 40000ha remained, and that reduced tonnage from areas where "prime trees", those over 0.8m in diameter and mostly harvested, had not been found. The conservation of this species was proposed in the commission's summary, emphasising "Tuart is the most valuable tree β¦". This eventually took the form of a regulation on export of tuart, although this was to reserve the timber for its biggest consumer, the state's railway system.[9]
When a political means of conserving forest was enacted in 1918, the state conservator Charles Lane Poole 's recommendation was the purchase of a 400ha area near Wonnerup , State Forest No. 1 was described as "β¦ the last remaining virgin tuart in the world". The State Forest was increased with adjoining areas to around two and a half thousand hectares by 1922, and slightly reduced in 1927 by the conservator S. L. Kessel ; his explanation for this change was "β¦ due to the reduction of areas". The state sawmill supplying the railway operated in the forest until 1929, using 'over mature' trees for the railway trucks being built at the Midland works.[9]
At the beginning of the twenty first century most of the tuart forest had been felled or cleared, and what remained was recognised as declining in diversity and health of this tree and the assemblages of associated plants, animals and fungi.
.............................................................................................. ANGOPHORA costata - Smooth-barked Apple Gum,