Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Gold Silver Coin Royal Family King Charles

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Seller: lasvegasormonaco ✉️ (3,187) 99.7%, Location: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 266693503512 Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Gold Silver Coin Royal Family King Charles. Icon Islands. Lacey 2002, pp. 297–298; Pimlott 2001, p. 491. Pimlott 2001, p. 487; Shawcross 2002, p. 127. Bond 2006, p. 115; Pimlott 2001, p. 487. Lacey 2002, p. 281; Pimlott 2001, pp. 476–477; Shawcross 2002, p. 192. Queen Elizabeth II 2012 Diamond Jubilee Coin This is a Commemorative Silver & Gold Plated Coin to mark  Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee 2012  When she reached the milestone of 60 years on the Throne This Medal was struck and minted by the  Royal Mint  The obverse of the medal depicts a portrait of the young queen, along with the modern portrait.  In the centre is a crown and other royal regalia The reverse depicts images of national symbols/animals Lion, Unicorn, Harp and Dragon  from England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales.  The unicorn and dragon are similar to the 2016 £1 coin design. A  Specification: Diameter: 38.6mm Weight: about an ounce Alloy: Base Metal Presented in a clear coin wallet. A Beautiful coin and Magnificent Keepsake Souvenir of Great Lady In Excellent Condition Sorry about the poor quality photos. They dont do the coin justice which looks a lot better in real life Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake of a great secret agent Click Here to Check out my other Royal Family Items!

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Elizabeth II Head of the Commonwealth Formal photograph of Elizabeth facing right Formal photograph, 1958 Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms (list) Reign 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 Coronation 2 June 1953 Predecessor George VI Successor Charles III Born Princess Elizabeth of York 21 April 1926 Mayfair, London, England Died 8 September 2022 (aged 96) Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland Burial 19 September 2022 King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Spouse Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh ​(m. 1947; died 2021)​ Issue Detail Charles III Anne, Princess Royal Prince Andrew, Duke of York Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar Names Elizabeth Alexandra Mary House Windsor Father George VI Mother Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Signature Elizabeth's signature in black ink Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and 15 at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female monarch in history. Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making then-Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward. When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as Head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes. Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity.[1] Elizabeth died in September 2022 at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, at the age of 96, and was succeeded by her eldest child, King Charles III. Her state funeral was the first to be held in the United Kingdom since that of Winston Churchill in 1965. Early life Elizabeth as a thoughtful-looking toddler with curly, fair hair On the cover of Time, April 1929 Elizabeth as a rosy-cheeked young girl with blue eyes and fair hair Portrait by Philip de László, 1933 Princess Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926,[2] during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. Princess Elizabeth was delivered by Caesarean section at 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair, which was her grandfather Lord Strathmore's London home.[3] She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[4][a] and named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.[6] Called "Lilibet" by her close family,[7] based on what she called herself at first,[8] she was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",[9] and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.[10] Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford.[11] Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music.[12] Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family.[13] The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.[14] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[15] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".[16] Heir presumptive During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.[17] When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis.[18] Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal name George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive. If her parents had subsequently borne a son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time.[19] Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College,[20] and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.[21] A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her own age.[22] Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger.[21] In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States. As in 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain, since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours.[23] She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.[24] They corresponded regularly,[24] and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May.[23] Second World War In Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945 In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the Luftwaffe.[25] This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[26] The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk.[27] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years.[28] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[29] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[30] She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."[30] In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.[31] As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so she could act as one of five counsellors of state in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[32] In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number of 230873.[33] She trained and worked as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at the time) five months later.[34] Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill, 8 May 1945 At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[35] During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.[36] Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[37] In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[38] Princess Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."[39] The speech was written by Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times.[40] Marriage Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and again in 1937.[41] They were second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.[42] She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[43] The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[44] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[45] Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially, and teased Philip as "the Hun".[46] In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[47] At Buckingham Palace with new husband Philip after their wedding, 1947 Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[48] Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[49] Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.[50] Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.[51] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[52] Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.[53] Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[54] A second child, Princess Anne, was born on 15 August 1950.[55] Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,[50] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. Their two children remained in Britain.[56] Reign Accession and coronation Main article: Coronation of Elizabeth II Coronation portrait by Cecil Beaton, 1953 George VI's health declined during 1951, and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case of the King's death while she was on tour.[57] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of George VI and Elizabeth's consequent accession to the throne with immediate effect. Philip broke the news to the new queen.[58] She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name;[59] thus she was called Elizabeth II, which offended many Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.[60] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[61] Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.[62] With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear the Duke of Edinburgh's name, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. Lord Mountbatten advocated the name House of Mountbatten. Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title.[63] The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, so Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[64] In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[65] Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage. Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her private secretary, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[66] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[67] Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[68] Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested before she died.[69] The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[70][b] On Elizabeth's instruction, her coronation gown was embroidered with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries.[74] Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth Further information: Commonwealth realm § From the accession of Elizabeth II Elizabeth's realms (light red and pink) and their territories and protectorates (dark red) at the beginning of her reign in 1952 From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[75] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[76] In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by land, sea and air.[77] She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[78] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[79] Throughout her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled head of state.[80] In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union.[81] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[82] A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume. With Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[83] The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[84] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[85] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[86] Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint the Earl of Home as the prime minister, advice she followed.[87] Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.[87] In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement.[88] Seated with Philip on thrones at the Canadian parliament, 1957 In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session.[89] Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.[89][90] In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran.[91] On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.[92] Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."[92] Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.[93] No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.[94] Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, on 19 February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.[95] Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born on 10 March 1964.[96] In addition to performing traditional ceremonies, Elizabeth also instituted new practices. Her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.[97] Acceleration of decolonisation In Queensland, Australia, 1970 With President Tito of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, 1972 The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, unilaterally declared independence while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "Queen of Rhodesia".[98] Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.[99] As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.[100] Elizabeth toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a communist country.[101] She was received at the airport by President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in Belgrade.[102] In February 1974, the British prime minister, Edward Heath, advised Elizabeth to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain.[103] The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned as prime minister and Elizabeth asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.[104] A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.[105] As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General.[106] The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.[105] Silver Jubilee Leaders of the G7 states, members of the royal family and Elizabeth (centre), London, 1977 In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon.[107] In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena,[108] though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".[109] The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[110] According to Paul Martin Sr., by the end of the 1970s Elizabeth was worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian prime minister.[111] Tony Benn said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing".[111] Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office.[111] In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found Elizabeth "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".[111] She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.[111] Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership Elizabeth in red uniform on a black horse Riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down The Mall, London, on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.[112] Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.[113] That October Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin, New Zealand. Christopher John Lewis, who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a .22 rifle from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade, but missed.[114] Lewis was arrested, but never charged with attempted murder or treason, and sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm. Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with Diana and their son Prince William.[115] Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan on black horses. He bare-headed; she in a headscarf; both in tweeds, jodhpurs and riding boots. Riding at Windsor with President Reagan, June 1982 From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son, Prince Andrew, served with British forces in the Falklands War, for which she reportedly felt anxiety[116] and pride.[117] On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.[118] After hosting US president Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.[119] Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by The Sun tabloid.[120] As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."[121] Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth secretary-general Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation.[122] Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents.[123] Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".[124] Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,[125] and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major.[126] Brian Mulroney, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.[127][128] In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.[129] The tour included the Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, and the Terracotta Warriors.[130] At a state banquet, Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with Queen Elizabeth I's letter to the Wanli Emperor, and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".[131] Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.[132] By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.[133] The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout in 1987 was ridiculed.[134] In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.[127] The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. As monarch of Fiji, Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.[135] Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress in May 1991.[136] Elizabeth, in formal dress, holds a pair of spectacles to her mouth in a thoughtful pose Philip and Elizabeth in Germany, October 1992 On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the Ruby Jubilee of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year").[137] Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family.[138] In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, Sarah, and Mauritius removed Elizabeth as head of state; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips in April;[139] angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October;[140] and a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences, in November. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny.[141] In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".[142] Two days later, British prime minister John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list.[143] In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated.[144] At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.[145] Elizabeth's solicitors had taken action against The Sun five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter Princess Beatrice. The case was solved with an out-of-court settlement that ordered the newspaper to pay $180,000.[clarification needed][146] In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the scaphoid bone in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham House tripped and fell.[147] In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil.[c] In October 1995, Elizabeth was tricked into a hoax call by Montreal radio host Pierre Brassard impersonating Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien. Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence Quebec's referendum on proposals to break away from Canada.[152] In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.[153] In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.[154] In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.[155] Afterwards, for five days the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private,[156] but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay.[128][157] Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral.[158] In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.[159] As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.[159] In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",[160] and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.[161] At the memorial in the park, she and Philip paid their respects by laying a wreath and stood for a 30‑second moment of silence.[161] As a result, much of the fury among the public softened and the protests were called off.[160] That November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary.[162] Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".[162] In 1999, as part of the process of devolution within the UK, Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the National Assembly for Wales at Cardiff in May,[163] and the Scottish Parliament at Edinburgh in July.[164] Golden Jubilee At a Golden Jubilee dinner with British prime minister Tony Blair and former prime ministers, 2002. From left to right: Blair, Margaret Thatcher, Edward Heath, Elizabeth, James Callaghan and John Major On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from Southwark, bound for the Millennium Dome. Before passing under Tower Bridge, Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the Pool of London using a laser torch.[165] Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome.[166] During the singing of Auld Lang Syne, Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister Tony Blair.[167] In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of her accession. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.[168] She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness.[169] As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,[170] and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated.[171] Greeting NASA employees at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, May 2007 In 2003, Elizabeth sued Daily Mirror for breach of confidence and obtained an injunction which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a footman at Buckingham Palace.[172] The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs.[173] Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 Elizabeth had keyhole surgery on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.[174] In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, The Daily Telegraph reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair.[175] She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland.[176] She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.[177] On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Elizabeth attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales.[178] Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth.[179] The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age".[180] During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British victims of the September 11 attacks.[180] Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954.[181] By invitation of the Irish president, Mary McAleese, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011.[182] Diamond Jubilee and longevity Visiting Birmingham in July 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour Elizabeth's 2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.[183] On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world.[184] In November, Elizabeth and her husband celebrated their blue sapphire wedding anniversary (65th).[185] On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.[186] Elizabeth, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two countries.[187] For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond.[188] On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony.[189] Opening the Borders Railway on the day she became the longest-reigning British monarch, 2015. In her speech, she said she had never aspired to achieve that milestone.[190] On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis.[191] A week later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth.[192] Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles.[193] On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that she would be succeeded by Charles as Head of the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish".[194] She underwent cataract surgery in May 2018.[195] In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier.[196] Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.[197] She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015.[198] She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016,[199] and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017.[200] On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a sapphire jubilee,[201] and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[202] Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017.[203] cvd-19 pandemic On 19 March 2020, as the cvd-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom, Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.[204] Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".[205] In a virtual meeting with Dame Cindy Kiro during the cvd-19 pandemic, October 2021 On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK,[206] she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again."[207] On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of VE Day, in a television broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair".[208] In October, she visited the UK's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic.[209] On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial.[210] In 2021, she received her first and second cvd-19 vaccinations in January and April respectively.[211] Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since Queen Victoria.[212] She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,[213] and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".[214] Due to the cvd-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.[215] In her Christmas broadcast that year, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him".[216] Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the 2021 State Opening of Parliament in May,[217] and the 47th G7 summit in June.[218] On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's National Health Service, she announced that the NHS will be awarded the George Cross to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations".[219] In October 2021, she began using a walking stick during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004.[220] Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously scheduled visits to Northern Ireland,[221] the COP26 summit in Glasgow,[222] and the 2021 National Service of Remembrance were cancelled on health grounds.[223] Platinum Jubilee Drones forming a corgi above Buckingham Palace at the Platinum Party at the Palace on 4 June 2022 Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death. On the eve of the date, she held a reception at Sandringham House for pensioners, local Women's Institute members and charity volunteers.[224] In her accession day message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.[225] Later that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for cvd-19, along with some staff and family members.[226] She cancelled two virtual audiences on 22 February,[227] but held a phone conversation with British prime minister Boris Johnson the following day amid a crisis on the Russo-Ukrainian border,[d][228] following which she made a donation to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal.[229] On 28 February, she was reported to have recovered and spent time with her family at Frogmore.[230] On 7 March, Elizabeth met Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau at Windsor Castle, in her first in-person engagement since her cvd diagnosis.[231] She later remarked that cvd infection "leave[s] one very tired and exhausted ... It's not a nice result".[232] Elizabeth was present at the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip at Westminster Abbey on 29 March,[233] but was unable to attend the annual Commonwealth Day service that month[234] or the Royal Maundy service in April.[235] She missed the State Opening of Parliament in May for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend in 1959 and 1963 as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)[236] In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as counsellors of state.[237] During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony appearances, and missed the National Service of Thanksgiving.[238] For the Jubilee concert, she took part in a sketch with Paddington Bear, that opened the event outside Buckingham Palace.[239] On 13 June 2022, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history among those whose exact dates of reign are known, with 70 years, 127 days reigned—surpassing King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.[240] On 6 September 2022, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. This marked the only time she did not receive a new prime minister at Buckingham Palace during her reign.[241] No other British reign had seen so many prime ministers.[242] Elizabeth never planned to abdicate,[243] though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties.[244] The Queen told Canadian governor general Adrienne Clarkson in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying "It is not our tradition. Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something".[245] In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength."[246] Death Main article: Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II Tributes left by people in The Mall, London On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."[247] Elizabeth's immediate family rushed to Balmoral to be by her side.[248] She died "peacefully" at 15:10 BST at the age of 96, with her death being announced to the public at 18:30,[249] setting in motion Operation London Bridge and, because she died in Scotland, Operation Unicorn.[250] Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since James V in 1542.[251] Her cause of death was recorded as "old age".[252] On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the Royal Mile in a procession to St Giles' Cathedral, where the Crown of Scotland was placed on it.[253] Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the Royal Company of Archers, during which around 33,000 people filed past the coffin.[254] It was taken by air to London on 13 September. On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, where Elizabeth lay in state for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division. An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures.[255][256] On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held a vigil around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.[257][258] Queen Elizabeth II's coffin on the State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy, during the procession to Wellington Arch Elizabeth's state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at the Abbey since George II in 1760.[259] More than a million people lined the streets of central London,[260] and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place which was witnessed by 97,000 people.[261][260] Elizabeth's fell pony, and two royal corgis, stood at the side of the procession.[262] After a Committal Service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later the same day in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.[263] Legacy Main article: Personality and image of Elizabeth II Beliefs, activities and interests Petting a dog in New Zealand, 1974 Elizabeth rarely gave interviews and little was known of her personal feelings. She did not explicitly express her own political opinions in a public forum, and it is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views. When Times journalist Paul Routledge asked Elizabeth for her opinions on the miners' strike of 1984–85, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to Arthur Scargill), with which Routledge disagreed.[264] Widely criticised in the media for asking the question, Routledge said he was not initially due to be present for the royal visit and was unaware of the protocols.[264] After the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Prime Minister David Cameron stated that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome.[265] She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern.[266] Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and took her Coronation Oath seriously.[267] Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she worshipped with that church and also the national Church of Scotland.[268] She demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis.[269] A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she said:[270] To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example. Elizabeth was patron of more than 600 organisations and charities.[271] The Charities Aid Foundation estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1.4 billion for her patronages during her reign.[272] Her main leisure interests included equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis.[273] Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by her family.[274] Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards.[275] Media depiction and public opinion Magazines from the 1950s with Elizabeth II on their cover In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".[276] After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".[277] Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.[278] In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales.[279] Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.[280] She dressed with an eye toward what was appropriate, rather than what was in vogue.[281][page needed] In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.[282] Her wardrobe was handled by a team that included five dressers, a dressmaker, and a milliner.[283][page needed] At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;[284] but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.[285] Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.[286] Although support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.[287] Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions.[288] Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.[289] Meeting children in Brisbane, Australia, October 1982 In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.[290] Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister Julia Gillard noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.[291] Gillard's successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.[292] "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists".[293] Similarly, referendums in both Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 saw voters reject proposals to become republics.[294] Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,[295] and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent.[296] Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell, his lawsuit with Virginia Giuffre amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife Meghan's exit from the monarchy and subsequent move to the United States.[297] Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong.[298] As of 2021 she remained the third most admired woman in the world according to the annual Gallup poll, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.[299] Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Rolf Harris, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett and Tai-Shan Schierenberg.[300][301] Notable photographers of Elizabeth included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Anwar Hussein, Annie Leibovitz, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell and Dorothy Wilding. The first official portrait photograph of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926.[302] Finances Further information: Finances of the British royal family View of Sandringham House from the south bank of the Upper Lake Sandringham House, Elizabeth's residence in Norfolk, which she personally owned Elizabeth's personal wealth was the subject of speculation for many years. In 1971, Jock Colville, her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £30 million in 2021[303]).[304] In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".[305] In 2002, she inherited an estate worth an estimated £70 million from her mother.[306] The Sunday Times Rich List 2020 estimated her personal wealth at £350 million, making her the 372nd richest person in the UK.[307] She was number one on the list when it began in the Sunday Times Rich List 1989, with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £13.8 billion in today's value),[303] which included state assets that were not hers personally.[308] The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, was not owned personally but was described as being held in trust by Elizabeth for her successors and the nation,[309] as were her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle,[310] and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued at £472 million in 2015.[311] The Paradise Papers, leaked in 2017, show that the Duchy of Lancaster held investments in the British tax havens of the Cayman Islands and Bermuda.[312] Sandringham House in Norfolk and Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire were personally owned by Elizabeth.[310] The Crown Estate—with holdings of £14.3 billion in 2019[313]—is held in trust and could not be sold or owned by her in a personal capacity.[314] Titles, styles, honours, and arms Main article: List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II Titles and styles Royal cypher of Elizabeth II, surmounted by St Edward's Crown. Personal flag of Elizabeth II 21 April 1926 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York[315] 11 December 1936 – 20 November 1947: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth 20 November 1947 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh[316] 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022: Her Majesty The Queen Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, was sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown Dependencies rather than separate realms, she was known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster. When conversing with Elizabeth, the correct etiquette was to address her initially as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am (pronounced /mæm/), with a short 'a' as in jam.[317] Arms See also: Flags of Elizabeth II From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George.[318] Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. Elizabeth also possessed royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, and elsewhere.[319] Issue Name Birth Marriage Children Grandchildren Date Spouse Charles III 14 November 1948 (age 73) 29 July 1981 Divorced 28 August 1996 Lady Diana Spencer William, Prince of Wales Prince George of Wales Princess Charlotte of Wales Prince Louis of Wales Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex Archie Mountbatten-Windsor Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor 9 April 2005 Camilla Parker Bowles None Anne, Princess Royal 15 August 1950 (age 72) 14 November 1973 Divorced 28 April 1992 Mark Phillips Peter Phillips Savannah Phillips Isla Phillips Zara Tindall Mia Tindall Lena Tindall Lucas Tindall 12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence None Prince Andrew, Duke of York 19 February 1960 (age 62) 23 July 1986 Divorced 30 May 1996 Sarah Ferguson Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi Sienna Mapelli Mozzi Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank August Brooksbank Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar 10 March 1964 (age 58) 19 June 1999 Sophie Rhys-Jones Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor None James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn None Ancestry Ancestors of Elizabeth II[320] See also Household of Elizabeth II List of things named after Elizabeth II List of jubilees of Elizabeth II List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II Royal eponyms in Canada Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX Notes  Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (her paternal great-granduncle); Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt).[5]  Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of television licences in the United Kingdom doubled to 3 million,[71] and many of the more than 20 million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.[72] In North America, almost 100 million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.[73]  The only previous state visit by a British monarch to Russia was made by King Edward VII in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met Nicholas II on royal yachts off the Baltic port of what is now Tallinn, Estonia.[148][149] During the four-day visit, which was considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of Elizabeth's reign,[150] she and Philip attended events in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[151]  Russia invaded Ukraine one day later. 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(2002), A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905–1914, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-97366-7 Warwick, Christopher (2002), Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts, London: Carlton Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-233-05106-2 Williamson, David (1987), Debrett's Kings and Queens of Britain, Webb & Bower, ISBN 0-86350-101-X Wyatt, Woodrow (1999), Curtis, Sarah (ed.), The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, vol. II, Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-77405-1 External links Listen to this article (54 minutes) 53:31 Spoken Wikipedia icon This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 23 June 2014, and does not reflect subsequent edits. (Audio help · More spoken articles) Queen Elizabeth II at the Royal Family website Queen Elizabeth II at the website of the Government of Canada Portraits of Queen Elizabeth II at the National Portrait Gallery, London Edit this at Wikidata Queen Elizabeth II at IMDb Edit this at Wikidata Appearances on C-SPAN Edit this at Wikidata Titles and succession vte Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms (1952–2022) Monarchies Antigua and BarbudaAustraliaBahamasBarbadosBelizeCanadaCeylonFijiGambiaGhanaGrenadaGuyanaJamaicaKenyaMalawiMaltaMauritiusNew ZealandNigeriaPakistanPapua New GuineaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSierra LeoneSolomon IslandsSouth AfricaTanganyikaTrinidad and TobagoTuvaluUgandaUnited Kingdom Family Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (husband) weddingwedding dresswedding cakeCharles III (son)Anne, Princess Royal (daughter)Prince Andrew, Duke of York (son)Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar (son)George VI (father)Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (mother)Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (sister)Mountbatten-Windsor family Accession and coronation Proclamation of accessionCoronation Royal guestsParticipants in the processionCoronation chickenCoronation gownMedalHonoursAwardThe Queen's BeastsTreetops HotelMacCormick v Lord Advocate Reign Annus horribilisHouseholdPersonality and imagePrime ministersPillar Box WarRhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence Queen of RhodesiaChristopher John Lewis incidentLithgow PlotMarcus Sarjeant incident1975 Australian constitutional crisis Palace lettersMichael Fagan incident1987 Fijian coups d'étatDeath of Diana, Princess of Wales1999 Australian republic referendumPerth AgreementState Opening of Parliament 20212022Operation London BridgeDeath and state funeral reactionsqueuedignitaries at the funeral Jubilees Silver Jubilee EventsMedalHonoursJubilee GardensJubilee lineJubilee Walkway Ruby Jubilee Queen's Anniversary Prize Golden Jubilee Prom at the PalaceParty at the PalaceMedalHonoursThe Odyssey Diamond Jubilee PageantArmed Forces Parade and MusterThames Pageant GlorianaSpirit of ChartwellConcertGibraltar FlotillaMedalHonours Sapphire Jubilee Platinum Jubilee MedalBeaconsPlatinum Party at the PalacePageantPlatinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through HistoryTrooping the ColourNational Service of ThanksgivingPlatinum PuddingThe Queen's Green CanopyPlatinum Jubilee Civic HonoursThe Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing RegattaThe Queen's Platinum Jubilee ConcertBig Jubilee Read Commonwealth tours Antigua and BarbudaAustralia official openingsCanadaJamaicaNew ZealandSaint Lucia Ships used HMS Vanguard (23)SS Gothic (1947)HMY Britannia State visits Outgoing State visit to SpainState visit to RussiaState visit to Ireland Incoming Pope Benedict XVIPresident Michael D. 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Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than once, her most senior descent, by which she bore or bears her title, is used. 1st generation Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia 2nd generation Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of OrangePrincess AmeliaPrincess CarolineMary, Landgravine of Hesse-KasselLouise, Queen of Denmark and Norway 3rd generation Augusta, Duchess of BrunswickPrincess ElizabethPrincess LouisaCaroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway 4th generation Charlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of WürttembergPrincess Augusta SophiaElizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-HomburgPrincess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and EdinburghPrincess SophiaPrincess AmeliaPrincess Sophia of GloucesterPrincess Caroline of Gloucester 5th generation Princess Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-SaalfeldPrincess Elizabeth of ClarenceQueen VictoriaAugusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-StrelitzPrincess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck 6th generation Victoria, Princess Royal and German EmpressAlice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by RhinePrincess Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-HolsteinPrincess Louise, Duchess of ArgyllPrincess Beatrice, Princess Henry of BattenbergPrincess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-RammingenPrincess Marie of Hanover 7th generation Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of FifePrincess VictoriaMaud, Queen of NorwayMarie, Queen of RomaniaGrand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of RussiaPrincess Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-LangenburgPrincess Beatrice, Duchess of GallieraMargaret, Crown Princess of SwedenPrincess Patricia, Lady Patricia RamsayPrincess Alice, Countess of AthlonePrincess Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of BadenAlexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-SchwerinPrincess Olga of Hanover 8th generation Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of HarewoodPrincess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of FifePrincess Maud, Countess of SoutheskPrincess Sibylla, Duchess of VästerbottenPrincess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and GothaFrederica, Queen of Greece 9th generation Queen Elizabeth IIPrincess Margaret, Countess of SnowdonPrincess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy 10th generation Anne, Princess Royal 11th generation Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli MozziPrincess Eugenie, Mrs Jack BrooksbankLady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor1 12th generation Princess Charlotte of WalesLilibet Mountbatten-Windsor1 1 Status debatable; see Lady Louise Windsor#Titles and styles and Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor#Title and succession for details. vte Duchesses of Edinburgh Princess Augusta of Saxe-GothaDuchesses of Gloucester and EdinburghGrand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of RussiaPrincess Elizabeth of the United KingdomCamilla Shand vte Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927)Walter Chrysler (1928)Owen D. 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Khan§Y. Khan§BhuttoChaudhryZia§G. KhanSajjad*LeghariSajjad*TararMusharraf§Soomro*ZardariHussainAlvi §Head of the military regime  *Acting President vte Heads of State of Sierra Leone Queen (1961–1971) Elizabeth II Flag of Sierra Leone.svg President of the First Republic (1971–1992) Cole*StevensMomoh Military regime (1992–1996) KanuStrasserBio President of the Second Republic (1996–1997) Kabbah Military regime (1997–1998) J. P. Koroma President of the Second Republic (since 1998) KabbahE. B. 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Concorde parade flight with the Red Arrows; Flower arrangement in Stafford; Routemaster in Golden Jubilee livery; Equestrian statue of the Queen erected in Windsor Park; Union Street in Aberdeen with Golden Jubilee bunting Genre Jubilee of the monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms Date(s) 6 February 2002 Country United Kingdom Canada Australia New Zealand Commonwealth of Nations Previous event Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II Next event Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II Website goldenjubilee.gov.uk The Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II was the international celebration held in 2002 marking the 50th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II to the thrones of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms on 6 February 1952. It was intended by the Queen to be both a commemoration of her 50 years as monarch and an opportunity for her to officially and personally thank her people for their loyalty.[1][2] Despite the deaths of her sister, Princess Margaret, and mother, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, in February and March 2002 respectively, and predictions in the media that the anniversary would be a non-event, the jubilee was marked with large-scale and popular events throughout London in June of the same year, bookended by events throughout the Commonwealth realms. Elizabeth attended all of the official celebrations as scheduled, along with her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; over twelve months, the royal couple journeyed more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) to the Caribbean, Australia, New Zealand, then around the United Kingdom, and wrapped up the jubilee year in Canada.[1] Numerous landmarks, parks, buildings, and the like, were also named in honour of the golden jubilee and commemorative medals, stamps, and other symbols were issued. There were six key themes of the Golden Jubilee celebrations: 'Celebration', 'Giving Thanks', 'Service', 'Involving the Whole Community', 'Looking Forward as Well as Back', and 'Commonwealth'.[3] Queen's Jubilee message In her Golden Jubilee message, the Queen said that "this anniversary is for us an occasion to acknowledge with gratitude the loyalty and support which we have received from so many people since I came to the Throne in 1952. It is especially an opportunity to thank all those of you who help others in your own local communities through public or voluntary service. I would like to think that your work will be particularly recognised during this Jubilee year. I hope also that this time of celebration in the United Kingdom and across the Commonwealth will not simply be an occasion to be nostalgic about the past. I believe that, young or old, we have as much to look forward to with confidence and hope as we have to look back on with pride".[4] Celebrations in the Commonwealth Australia As Queen of Australia, under your constitution, and as Head of the Commonwealth, I look forward to the coming few days here. I look around tonight and I am aware both of my responsibilities, and of the pleasure those responsibilities bring. And in this Golden Jubilee year, I cannot but reflect on the extraordinary opportunity I have been given to serve the people of this great country. The way Australia evolves over the next fifty years is in your hands.[5] Elizabeth II of Australia, 2002 The Royal Australian Mint released commemorative coins to mark the Queen's Golden Jubilee.[6] To mark her Golden Jubilee as Queen of Australia, Queen Elizabeth II toured the country. She was on 27 February received in Adelaide by the Governor-General, Peter Hollingworth; the Australian viceroy, at the time, was in the midst of controversy involving allegations of child abuse cover-ups in the Anglican Church and demonstrators were present when the Queen and Prince Philip landed.[7] The royal couple undertook a five-day tour through South Australia and Queensland, which also coincided with that year's Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Coolum Beach.[8] On the Queen's Birthday holiday for 2002, services of thanksgiving were held in churches and a bonfire was lit during a party at the Governor-General's residence in Canberra.[9] Canada [icon] This section needs expansion with: [1][2][3][4][5]. You can help by adding to it. (May 2022) The Queen's official logo for her Golden Jubilee as Queen of Canada Queen Elizabeth II's official Golden Jubilee portrait for Canada Throughout the year, events were held across Canada to mark the Golden Jubilee, such as the Jubilee Levée held by Lieutenant Governor of Alberta Lois Hole, which was attended by more than 4,000 Albertans and at which Hole stated: "what we want to realize is how important the monarchy is to Canada and certainly to Alberta."[10] Royal tour Main article: 2002 royal tour of Canada Her Majesty The Queen of Canada has been unfalteringly by our side to celebrate our successes and to help us to grow together. Fifty years after her Accession to the Throne, Elizabeth II remains a symbol of continuity, stability and tradition in a world that is under a barrage of constant change. That is why Canadians are proud to celebrate the Golden Jubilee.[11] Sheila Copps, Minister of Canadian Heritage, 2002 For 12 days in October 2002, the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh toured Canada, making stops in Victoria, Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Hamilton, Hull, Fredericton, Sussex, Moncton, and Ottawa. In Nunavut, the Queen addressed the new legislative assembly, stating in her speech: "I am proud to be the first member of the Canadian Royal Family to be greeted in Canada's newest territory."[12] In the British Columbia Parliament Buildings, the Queen unveiled a stained glass window commemorating the Golden Jubilee. In Vancouver, on 6 October, the Queen, accompanied by Wayne Gretzky, and in front of a crowd of 18,000 at General Motors Place, dropped the ceremonial first puck for the National Hockey League exhibition game between the Vancouver Canucks and San Jose Sharks; this was the first time any reigning monarch, Canadian or otherwise, had performed the task.[13][14] In Saskatchewan, the Queen unveilied on the grounds of the provincial parliament the product of the Golden Jubilee Statue Project: a bronze equestrian statue of her riding Burmese, a horse gifted in 1969 to her by the RCMP. In Ontario, the Queen attended at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Toronto headquarters an event marking the organisation's 50th anniversary; there, she viewed exhibits and was amused by a video display showing her earlier tours of Canada in the 1950s. In Moncton, New Brunswick, the Queen and Duke attended a luncheon in Dieppe to celebrate the town's 50th anniversary and officially opened a new terminal at Greater Moncton International Airport.[15] In Ottawa, on 13 October, a multi-faith Thanksgiving celebration was held on Parliament Hill for about 3,500 people, and the Queen laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. A state dinner was held that evening at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec, at which Her Majesty said: "[I wish] to express my profound gratitude to all Canadians... for the loyalty, encouragement and support you have given to me over these past 50 years."[16][17] Legacy It was argued in retrospective analysis that the jubilee had been of benefit both to nationalism and the monarchy;[18] The Globe and Mail said: "When she daintily bent over to drop a puck at an NHL game... she achieved perhaps the most brilliant melding of symbolism in Canadian history... The Jumbotron in Vancouver's GM Place said it all, flashing the Queen's golden EIIR cypher on the giant screen atop the beer advertisement: 'I am Canadian'. The crowd went hysterical."[19] Jamaica Prince Philip and I have a unique opportunity to see and hear about these ways in which you are meeting the challenge of giving every Jamaican a stake in the future during our short visit in this year which marks both Jamaica's fortieth anniversary of Independence and my Golden Jubilee. Such anniversaries are important.[20] Elizabeth II of Jamaica, 2002 Elizabeth's first official engagements related to the Golden Jubilee took place in Jamaica. The Queen's Jubilee tour also coincided with the country's 40th anniversary of independence.[21] She arrived for the celebrations on 18 February 2002, nine days following the death of her sister, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon; the Queen established a short period of private, though not state, mourning.[8] Elizabeth was first welcomed in Montego Bay, after which she travelled to Kingston and stayed at her Jamaican prime minister's residence, Jamaica House. Despite some anti-monarchical sentiment in the country at the time, the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh were "enthusiastically welcomed" by Jamaicans; 57% of those polled said the visit was important to the country and large crowds turned out to see Elizabeth, though there were small protests by Rastafarians seeking reparations for slavery and their repatriation to Africa.[21] The Queen received an official welcome at King's House, the Governor-General's residence, met with Jamaican veterans of the First World War,[22] addressed her Jamaican parliament, and visited an underprivileged area of Kingston, known as Trenchtown, viewing urban poverty projects while there.[21] The tour ended on a unique note when, at the final banquet in Jamaica, a power outage plunged King's House into darkness during the meal; Elizabeth described the event as "memorable".[23] New Zealand Jubilee commemorations A number of activities marking the Queen's Golden Jubilee as Queen of New Zealand, the Queen’s first visit to New Zealand as Sovereign in 1953-54, and subsequent royal visits, took place in New Zealand.[24] "Queen Elizabeth II has been Queen of New Zealand for fifty years and is held in warm regard by New Zealanders. It is fitting that we honour her on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee", said Prime Minister Helen Clark.[24] NZ Post issued a set of Golden Jubilee and Royal Visit stamps. The Reserve Bank, issued a commemorative Royal Visit coin in October 2001.[24] The Queen's Birthday and Golden Jubilee Honours 2002 were announced on 3 June.[24] An ecumenical service of thanksgiving for the Golden Jubilee was held on 7 June at the Wellington Cathedral of St Paul. The service was attended by the Governor-General and representatives of the government and the New Zealand Defence Force. Members of the public were also encouraged to attend.[24] Parliament's Visitor Centre displayed memorabilia of royal visits of past one hundred years. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage hosted an online exhibition on the 1953-54 visit on its website. New Zealanders were asked to submit the memories of the royal visit exhibition to highlight the importance of royal visits for many people.[24] Te Papa, the national museum, hosted a major exhibition on the 1953-54 royal visit which opened in May 2003.[24] Royal tour It is both a privilege and a pleasure to have served as Queen of New Zealand for these fifty years. I thank you all for the loyalty and support you have given to me throughout this time. — Elizabeth II of New Zealand, 2002[25] Following her tour of Jamaica, the Queen next toured New Zealand, making stops in Auckland, Taupo, Christchurch, and Wellington. She and the Duke of Edinburgh arrived in the country on 22 February, just after Prime Minister Helen Clark said in a speech that she felt it "inevitable that New Zealand will become a republic."[26] The royal couple were greeted by the Governor-General and other officials when they disembarked from the Royal Flight;[27] Clark was absent, as she was at a meeting of centre-left leaders in Stockholm, Sweden.[28] A low turn out was reported to see the Queen when she arrived at the airport,[27] while an estimated 4,000 people came to view the Queen in Auckland.[29] During the tour, the Queen met the world's first transsexual MP Georgina Beyer.[30] The Queen was presented with a gift from the government and people of New Zealand of the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography and the New Zealand Historical Atlas.[24] United Kingdom The official emblem of the Queen's Golden Jubilee in the United Kingdom Celebrations for Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee took place throughout the United Kingdom between May and July 2002. In the lead-up to those festive weeks, the British media—The Guardian, in particular—predicted that the jubilee would be a failure,[31][32] arguing that Britain was no longer interested in the monarchy; a pervading sense of apathy amongst the populace seemed to confirm this. However, the predictions were proven wrong, especially during the official jubilee weekend, when people numbering in the hundreds of thousands turned out to participate in the fêtes. These festivities culminated in the 4 June event on The Mall in London, when over one million attended the parade and flypast. It was on 3 March that the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh returned to London from Australia. Eight days later, on Commonwealth Day, the Commonwealth Secretariat unveiled at Buckingham Palace a portrait of Elizabeth, painted by Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy that had been commissioned to mark the Queen's 50 years as Head of the Commonwealth;[33] the work now hangs at Marlborough House,[34][35] with a study kept as part of the Queen's collection at St James's Palace. British artist Lucian Freud had also presented the Queen with a portrait of her wearing a diamond crown at Buckingham Palace, which was commissioned by the Royal Household and later displaced at the exhibition Royal Treasures: A Golden Jubilee Celebration.[36] At the end of the month, however, the Queen was dealt another blow when her mother died on 30 March; the Commonwealth realms observed a period of mourning, and on 9 April, the day of her funeral, more than one million people filled the area outside Westminster Abbey and along the 23-mile (37 km) route from central London to the Queen Mother's final resting place beside her husband and younger daughter in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.[37] Tower Bridge floodlit in gold in celebration of the Queen's Golden Jubilee We all have our personal memories of the Queen's reign over the last 50 years. I was just three weeks old at the time of her coronation and as a schoolboy in Durham during the 1960s, I remember seeing the Queen for the first time. It is a privilege now to serve her as her 10th Prime Minister—her first, as she reminded me in May 1997, was Winston Churchill, who was her Prime Minister before I was born. In the many meetings that I have had with Her Majesty since 1997, I have, time and again, as have my predecessors, had reason to be grateful to her for her wisdom, good sense and experience, which she always brings to the issues of the day. Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 2002[38] Plans for the Golden Jubilee in the United Kingdom went ahead as planned, and, after a dinner hosted by Tony Blair at 10 Downing Street for her and all her living former British Prime Ministers (Sir John Major, The Baroness Thatcher, Sir Edward Heath, and The Lord Callaghan of Cardiff),[39] the Queen officially launched the celebrations in the UK with a speech to both houses of the British parliament at Westminster Hall on 30 April,[40] marking the fifth time in five decades that Elizabeth II addressed her British parliament on her own account. The Queen spoke of 50 unforgettable years and the changes to British life and society in that time, and elaborated that the monarchy must change also; Elizabeth said she had "witnessed the transformation of the international landscape through which [the United Kingdom] must chart its course" and declared her "resolve to continue, with the support of [the Royal Family], to serve the people... to the best of [her] ability through the changing times ahead." Amongst several other events independently organised to celebrate the Jubilee in 2002 were the British Army's staging at Portsmouth of a special parade of 6,000 personnel from all three branches of the British Armed Forces. This contrasted with the vastly larger events of past Royal Jubilee, in that there was no Royal Naval Fleet Review, or large scale Army Review. The Queen's bodyguards mounted a conjoined parade, wherein 300 members of the Gentlemen at Arms, Yeoman of the Guard, and Yeoman Warders all marched together for the first time in the centuries since their respective foundations. Elizabeth also hosted a banquet for all of Europe's reigning kings and queens, one for all her incumbent Governors-General, and garden parties at both Buckingham Palace and Holyrood Palace for people born on Accession Day 1952.[40] Around the country, street parties were organised, for which some 40,000 toolkits were distributed.[1] The Golden Jubilee Poetry competition was held for children aged from 7 to 18 which invited the children to submit a poem about how the United Kingdom changed over the last 50 years. The winner was invited to Buckingham Palace to receive a specially commissioned medal from the Queen. All entries were preserved for posterity in the Royal Archives at Windsor Castle.[41] At the Guildhall, the Queen said, "Gratitude, respect and pride, these words sum up how I feel about the people of this country and the Commonwealth - and what this Golden Jubilee means to me".[42] Goodwill visits For the Queen's goodwill visits, which commenced on 1 May, two to three days were spent in each corner of England; the Queen and the Duke first stopped in Cornwall, Devon, and Somerset before travelling to Tyne and Wear, then finally to Buckinghamshire and Berkshire. On 13 May, the couple were received in Northern Ireland, and visited such areas as County Fermanagh, Cookstown, and Omagh.[43] Then, throughout much of mid-May, the royal couple were in London devoting much time to the promotion of the arts, attending the Chelsea Flower Show, dedicating the Queen's Gallery at Buckingham Palace, and attending a reception at the Royal Academy of Arts. The jubilee trips recommenced on 23 May with a six-day trip to Scotland; the royals first stopped in Glasgow, and then travelled on to Edinburgh, Dundee, Stornoway and Aberdeen, and, following the jubilee weekend in London, the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh on 7 June toured West Sussex, spent three days in Wales, touring Anglesey, Llanelli, and Cardiff. The next month, the royal couple made two-day trips to the West Midlands, Yorkshire (where the Queen visited the set of the soap opera Emmerdale),[1] and the counties of Suffolk and Norfolk, as well as undertaking a three-day goodwill trip to Liverpool and Manchester, where the Queen opened the 2002 Commonwealth Games.[40] The Queen closed out July by touring the East Midlands, and ended her domestic tour by visiting Lancashire.[44] As part of her Golden Jubilee tour of the United Kingdom, the Queen visited a London Hindu temple, the Manchester Jewish museum, an Islamic centre in Scunthorpe and a Sikh temple in Leicester, to recognise the growth of religious and cultural diversity across the country. Other members of the royal family visited a Jain temple, a Zoroastrian thanksgiving service and a Buddhist gathering during the Jubilee year.[45] Golden Jubilee Weekend People wave their flags outside Buckingham Palace The Golden Jubilee Weekend took place between 1 and 4 June 2002 in London,[40] for which the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh left Scotland on 29 May to make final preparations. On the first evening, the Saturday, the Prom at the Palace took place in the gardens of Buckingham Palace and highlighted classical music; out of the two million who applied for tickets, 12,500 people were selected to attend,[46] making the event the largest ever held on the royal property. The crowds were entertained by the BBC Symphony Orchestra and BBC Symphony Chorus, conducted by Sir Andrew Davis, and guest vocalists included Kiri Te Kanawa, Thomas Allen, Angela Gheorghiu, and Roberto Alagna. Earlier in the day, Cardiff Bay hosted performances by Europe and the UK's street theatre artists and a gala was held at Belfast City Hall.[47] The following day, the Queen and her husband attended a church service at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, while their family were present at thanksgiving services elsewhere in the United Kingdom; the Prince of Wales and his sons, Princes William and Harry, in Swansea; the Earl and Countess of Wessex in Salisbury; and the Princess Royal in Ayr.[47] On the same day, the Welsh National Opera gave a performance in Cardiff Bay.[47] After time on 3 June touring Eton and Slough and watching a parade in Windsor,[47] Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh returned to London and the former at 1:00 pm launched the nationwide BBC Music Live Festival, in which more than 200 towns and cities across the United Kingdom publicly played the Beatles song "All You Need Is Love". During the day, street parties were held around the country,[48] and that evening, the Queen, the Duke, and other members of the immediate Royal Family, made themselves present at another concert on the grounds of Buckingham Palace; this fête, called Party at the Palace, showcased achievements in pop music over the previous 50 years, with headlining acts including Paul McCartney, Eric Clapton, Cliff Richard, and Tony Bennett. Queen guitarist Brian May commenced the event by playing his arrangement of "God Save the Queen" from the roof of the palace, and Paul McCartney concluded the night with such numbers as "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and "Hey Jude", which were each performed before and after the Queen lit the National Beacon at the Victoria Memorial, the last in a string of 2,006 beacons to be lit in a chain throughout the world,[1] echoing Queen Victoria's own Golden Jubilee in 1887. 12,000 guests were allowed into the concert, while an additional one million people thronged The Mall to watch and listen to the festivities on giant television screens and join in with the palace audience's singing from outside the gates of Buckingham Palace,[46] and a further 200 million watched the televised event around the world.[1] Concorde and the Red Arrows ended the flypast over Buckingham Palace on 4 June On 4 June, the entire royal family and 2,400 guests attended a national service of thanksgiving at St Paul's Cathedral, to which the Queen rode in the Gold State Coach.[46] The procession to the cathedral began with a 41-gun salute in Hyde Park and 700,000 people lined the streets to watch the royal family on their way to the service.[49] The thanksgiving service was followed by lunch at the Guildhall.[49] There the Queen addressed the crowd and expressed pride at the Commonwealth's achievements, both during her reign as queen and throughout time; Elizabeth was quoted as saying: "Gratitude, respect and pride, these words sum up how I feel about the people of this country and the Commonwealth—and what this Golden Jubilee means to me."[50] Then the jubilee parade, which included 20,000 participants, started along The Mall in the early afternoon.[49][51] Veterans, volunteers, members of the ambulance service, the Automobile Association and the British Red Cross took part in the parade.[52] In addition to entertainers performing for the Queen, numerous floats were decorated to illustrate British life through the years of Elizabeth's reign and driven through The Mall.[52] The parade concluded with 5,000 adults and children from the 54 member-states of the Commonwealth of Nations marching in their various national costumes before the Queen and presenting to her a "rainbow of wishes", consisting of handwritten notes from school children across the Commonwealth. In front of more than one million people,[1] the Royal Family assembled on the balcony of the Centre Room of Buckingham Palace and watched a flypast consisting of every type of Royal Air Force aircraft in service (27 in all),[1] Concorde, and the Red Arrows. There was only one publicly noted negative event in relation to the jubilee when approximately 40 activists, mostly drawn from the anarchist Movement Against the Monarchy, were arrested during a protest in the run-up to the Jubilee Weekend.[53] Turks and Caicos Islands In the Turks and Caicos Islands, a British Overseas Territory, for the first four days of June, celebrations took place throughout the Islands, presided over by Governor Mervyn Jones. The Public Relations Department of the Tourist Board for the Jubilee Committee produced the Jubilee Souvenir Brochure, with text and images covering historical Royal Visits provided by the National Museum; only 5,000 were produced, issue number 1 being given to Queen Elizabeth II herself. The museum also provided photographs for the production of three sets of stamps, and, for the Jubilee Weekend, prepared a temporary exhibition on royal visits, with other items from the past, such as the coronation medals issued in to some local residents in 1953. Other items produced to commemorate the Jubilee were a straw crown made on Middle Caicos by Loathie Harvey and Judy Geddis, two 20-crown coins, and a badge given to all school children as a memento of the historic occasion.[54] Celebrations outside the Commonwealth The Golden Jubilee was also marked in New York City, where the pinnacle of the Empire State Building was lit in royal purple and gold. The city's mayor, Michael Bloomberg, and officials at the British consulate said the tribute was a sign of thanks both to the Queen for having had the American national anthem played at Buckingham Palace during the Changing of the Guard on 13 September 2001 and to the British people for their support afterwards.[55] It had been more than 10 years since the Empire State Building gave such an honour to an individual not from the United States; the most recent instance was when Nelson Mandela visited New York after his release from prison in 1990.[55] Monuments and souvenirs A stained glass window in Parliament Buildings, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, commemorating the Queen's Golden Jubilee Before, during, and after the jubilee year, souvenirs were created, monuments unveiled, and public works named in commemoration of the royal event. In Australia, Australia Post released a special stamp combining old and new images of Queen Elizabeth II, along with a booklet outlining the Queen's reign.[56] A trinket pot, sold as memorabilia merchandise for the Golden Jubilee In Canada, the Governor-in-Council earmarked $CAD 250,000 as a donation in the Queen's name to the Dominion Institute's Memory Project, aimed at educating Canadian youth on the experiences and contributions of the country's veterans from the First World War through to modern peacekeeping missions.[57] The provinces also marked the milestone; the Ontario Governor-in-Council, on the advice of his premier, approved the renaming of Dalton Digby Wildlands Provincial Park as the Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park and,[58] in Saskatchewan, an equestrian statue of Queen Elizabeth II was commissioned and erected alongside the Queen Elizabeth II Gardens on the grounds of the Legislative Building.[59] In Alberta, the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Recognition Act established the Queen's Golden Jubilee Citizenship Medal, the Queen's Golden Jubilee Scholarship for the Visual and Performing Arts, and the Premier's Citizenship Award in Recognition of the Queen's Golden Jubilee.[60] A special £5 coin was released in the United Kingdom to celebrate the event,[61] and the annual Queen's Golden Jubilee Award for volunteer service groups was founded in 2002, while private enterprises produced various ornaments and trinkets as memorabilia of the jubilee; manufacturers such as Spode created various forms of commemorative china and crystalware.[62] At Windsor Castle, the Jubilee Gardens were opened, the first new public area to be created since 1820,[1] and a 167 feet (51-metre) inverted roller coaster, Jubilee Odyssey, was constructed at the Fantasy Island theme park in Lincolnshire.[63] Cedars Park in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire had an entrance gate erected to commemorate the Jubilee. The park is of historical significance as the site of Theobalds Palace, which accommodated several royals before its destruction in the Civil War. See also icon Monarchy portal flag United Kingdom portal Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal 2002 Golden Jubilee Honours Great British Trees Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign List of jubilees of British monarchs References  The Royal Household. "Her Majesty The Queen > Jubilees and other milestones > Golden Jubilee > 50 facts about The Queen's Golden Jubilee". Queen's Printer. Retrieved 25 November 2009.  Blair, Tony (23 November 2000). "House of Commons Debate". In House of Commons Library; Pond, Chris (eds.). Golden Jubilee 2002 (PDF). Westminster: Queen's Printer (published 13 January 2003). p. 5. SN/PC/1435. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2009.  "Jubilee Themes". Archived from the original on 2 February 2002.  Royal Household (1 June 2002). "The Queen's Golden Jubilee message". Queen's Printer. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010.  "Adelaide Festival Hall, Australia, 27 February 2002". Royal.uk. 27 February 2002.  "Fiftieth Anniversary - Accession of Queen Elizabeth II". Royal Australian Mint. 22 January 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.  Barkham, Patrick (28 February 2002). "Queen triumphs through scandal and dust". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009.  House of Commons Library; Pond, Chris (13 January 2003). "Golden Jubilee 2002" (PDF). Westminster: Queen's Printer. p. 7. SN/PC/1435. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2009.  Barkham, Patrick (31 May 2002). "Australians shun jubilee celebrations". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009.  Hoople, Chelsea (2002). "Alberta honours its citizens in the name of the Queen". Canadian Monarchist News. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Autumn 2002. Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009.  Department of Canadian Heritage. "Monarchy > The Canadian Monarchy > 2005 Royal Visit > The Queen and Canada > 53 Years of Growing Together". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007.  Kay, Christine; Kearsey, Tara (7 October 2002). "Royals start tour in Iqaluit". Northern News. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2009.  "Queen visits GM Place to drop ceremonial puck". Spirit of Vancouver. Vancouver Board of Trade. 7 October 2002. Archived from the original on 22 November 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2009.  "Queen to drop puck at Vancouver hockey game". CTV. 15 September 2002. Archived from the original on 22 January 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2009.  "Queen begins visit to New Brunswick". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 11 October 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2007.  "Queen begins final leg of Jubilee tour". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 October 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2007.  ""It means something to be a Canadian": Queen". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 October 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2007.  Pond 2003, p. 9  Valpy, Michael (15 October 2002). "Queen wraps up her visit with poignant nod to future". The Globe and Mail. pp. A1. Retrieved 13 January 2009.  "Jamaican Parliament, 19 February 2002". Royal.uk. 19 February 2002.  "Queen speaks to Jamaican Parliament". BBC. 19 February 2002. Retrieved 25 November 2009.  "Picture gallery: Queen in Jamaica". BBC. 19 February 2002. Retrieved 25 November 2009.  Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. London: Century. p. 31. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4.  "New Zealand government marks Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee". Beehive.govt.nz. 14 May 2002. Retrieved 14 February 2022.  "State dinner in Wellington, New Zealand, 25 February 2002". Royal.uk. 25 February 2002.  Bates, Stephen (22 February 2002). "Republican pledge greets Queen". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009.  "Low turnout to welcome the Queen". TVNZ. 22 February 2002. Retrieved 22 August 2011.  "Helen Clark attends centre-left flock". TVNZ. 24 February 2002. Retrieved 22 August 2011.  "Royal tour draws to a close". TVNZ. 26 February 2002. Retrieved 22 August 2011.  "Queen met by first transsexual MP". BBC News. 22 February 2002. Retrieved 14 February 2022.  Bates, Stephen (24 January 2002). "Palace plays down fears of jubilee flop". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009.  O'Farrell, John (2 February 2002). "God save the jubilee". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009.  "Queen's Jubilee portrait unveiled". BBC. 12 March 2002. Retrieved 14 November 2007.  Wilkins, Verna (2002). Chinwe Roy. London: Random House. ISBN 1-870516-59-1.  Lock, Imogen (2003). Celebrate!. London: Sheeran Lock. ISBN 1-900123-90-8.  "Freud unveils his royal portrait". BBC. 20 December 2001. Retrieved 10 June 2022.  "Queues at Queen Mother vault". CNN. 10 April 2002. Retrieved 1 May 2009.  Address To Her Majesty (Golden Jubilee)  Katz, Laine (29 April 2002). "Former PMs gather for jubilee dinner". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009.  Pond 2003, p. 2  "Poetry Competition". Archived from the original on 21 February 2002.  The golden jubilee in quotes  Pond 2003, p. 3  Pond 2003, p. 4  Queen to make first visit to mosque  Pond 2000, p. 8  "A weekend of celebrations". BBC. 31 May 2002. Retrieved 10 June 2022.  Gould, Peter (3 June 2002). "Jubilee Crescent comes out to party". BBC. Retrieved 10 June 2022.  "Jubilee thanks for Queen's reign". BBC. 4 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.  Royal Household (4 June 2002). "Jubilee Journal". Royal Insight. London: Queen's Printer (June 2002). Archived from the original on 13 September 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2005.  "In pictures: The world in one parade". BBC. 5 June 2002. Retrieved 10 June 2022.  Duffy, Jonathan (4 June 2002). "Crowds cheer parade of nations". BBC. Retrieved 10 June 2022.  "Jubilee protesters get damages". BBC. 4 February 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2009.  Sadler, Nigel. "Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Celebrations". Turks and Caicos National Museum. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007.  Stanley, Jane (5 June 2002). "Empire State dons Jubilee colours". BBC. Retrieved 4 November 2007.  "Australia Post Celebrates The Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II" (Press release). Queen's Printer for Australia. 11 February 2002. Retrieved 30 November 2009.[permanent dead link]  "The Government of Canada offers gift in honour of Her Majesty to commemorate 2005 Royal Visit" (Press release). Queen's Printer for Canada. 2005. Archived from the original on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2005.  Ontario Parks (2006). Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands: Background Information (PDF). Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario. p. 1. ISBN 0-7794-9883-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2009.  "Queen's Statue Maquettes Presented to Donors" (Press release). Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan. 4 February 2004. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2009.  Elizabeth II (20 March 2002), Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Recognition Act, 2, Edmonton: Queen's Printer for Alberta, retrieved 8 August 2010  "Great Britain : crown (£5) commemorating the Queen's Golden Jubilee. 2002". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 29 December 2021.  Pandya, Nick (11 May 2002). "Celebrating the dawn of a golden age for royal memorabilia". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009.  Marshall, Doug (4 May 2002). "Riding the highs and lows". BBC. Retrieved 24 August 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. 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She was also the monarch of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom. Her constitutional roles in the Gambia were delegated to a Governor-General. Falkland Islands "Falklands" and "Malvinas" redirect here. For other uses, see Falklands (disambiguation) and Malvinas (disambiguation). Coordinates: 51.73°S 59.22°W Falkland Islands British Overseas Territory Flag of Falkland Islands Flag Official seal of Falkland Islands Coat of arms Motto: "Desire the Right" Anthem: "God Save the King" 0:50 Unofficial anthem: "Song of the Falklands" Location of the Falkland Islands Location of the Falkland Islands Sovereign state  United Kingdom First settlement 1764 British rule reasserted 3 January 1833 Falklands War 2 April to 14 June 1982 Current constitution 1 January 2009 Capital and largest settlement Stanley 51°41′43″S 57°50′58″W Official languages English Demonym(s) Falkland Islander, Falklander Government Devolved parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy • Monarch Charles III • Governor Alison Blake • Chief Executive Andy Keeling Legislature Legislative Assembly Government of the United Kingdom • Minister Amanda Milling Area • Total 12,173 km2 (4,700 sq mi) • Water (%) 0 Highest elevation 705 m (2,313 ft) Population • 2016 census 3,398[1] (not ranked) • Density 0.28/km2 (0.7/sq mi) (not ranked) GDP (PPP) 2013 estimate • Total $228.5 million[2] • Per capita $96,962 (4th) Gini (2015) Negative increase 36.0[3] medium HDI (2010) 0.874[4] very high · 20th Currency Falkland Islands pound (£) (FKP) Time zone UTC-03:00 (FKST) Date format dd/mm/yyyy Driving side left Calling code +500 UK postcode FIQQ 1ZZ ISO 3166 code FK Internet TLD .fk Website https://www.falklands.gov.fk/ The Falkland Islands (/ˈfɔːklənd, ˈfɔːl-, ˈfɒl-/;[5] Spanish: Islas Malvinas[A]) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 300 mi (480 km) east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about 752 mi (1,210 km) from Cape Dubouzet at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of 4,700 sq mi (12,000 km2), comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, but the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley on East Falkland. Controversy exists over the Falklands' discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times, the islands have had French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain reasserted its rule in 1833, but Argentina maintains its claim to the islands. In April 1982, Argentine military forces invaded the islands. British administration was restored two months later at the end of the Falklands War. In a 2013 sovereignty referendum, almost all Falklanders voted in favour of the archipelago remaining a UK overseas territory. The territory's sovereignty status is part of an ongoing dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom. The population (3,398 inhabitants in 2016)[1] consists primarily of native-born Falkland Islanders, the majority of British descent. Other ethnicities include French, Gibraltarian, and Scandinavian. Immigration from the United Kingdom, the South Atlantic island of Saint Helena, and Chile has reversed a population decline. The predominant (and official) language is English. Under the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983, Falkland Islanders are British citizens. The islands lie on the boundary of the subantarctic oceanic and tundra climate zones, and both major islands have mountain ranges reaching 2,300 ft (700 m). They are home to large bird populations, although many no longer breed on the main islands due to predation by introduced species. Major economic activities include fishing, tourism and sheep farming, with an emphasis on high-quality wool exports. Oil exploration, licensed by the Falkland Islands Government, remains controversial as a result of maritime disputes with Argentina. See also: List of Falkland Islands placenames The name "Falkland Islands" comes from Falkland Sound, the strait that separates the two main islands.[6] The name "Falkland" was applied to the channel by John Strong, captain of an English expedition that landed on the islands in 1690. Strong named the strait in honour of Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland, the Treasurer of the Navy who sponsored his journey.[7] The Viscount's title originates from the town of Falkland, Scotland—the town's name probably comes from a Gaelic term referring to an "enclosure" (lann),[B] but it could less plausibly be from the Anglo-Saxon term "folkland" (land held by folk-right).[9] The name "Falklands" was not applied to the islands until 1765, when British captain John Byron of the Royal Navy claimed them for King George III as "Falkland's Islands".[10] The term "Falklands" is a standard abbreviation used to refer to the islands. The common Spanish name for the archipelago, Islas Malvinas, derives from the French Îles Malouines—the name given to the islands by French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville in 1764.[11] Bougainville, who founded the islands' first settlement, named the area after the port of Saint-Malo (the point of departure for his ships and colonists).[12] The port, located in the Brittany region of western France, was named after St. Malo (or Maclou), the Christian evangelist who founded the city.[13] At the twentieth session of the United Nations General Assembly, the Fourth Committee determined that, in all languages other than Spanish, all UN documentation would designate the territory as Falkland Islands (Malvinas). In Spanish, the territory was designated as Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands).[14] The nomenclature used by the United Nations for statistical processing purposes is Falkland Islands (Malvinas).[15] History Main articles: History of the Falkland Islands and Timeline of the history of the Falkland Islands Although Fuegians from Patagonia may have visited the Falkland Islands in prehistoric times,[16][17] the islands were uninhabited when Europeans first explored them.[18] European claims of discovery date back to the 16th century, but no consensus exists on whether early explorers sighted the Falklands or other islands in the South Atlantic.[19][20][C] The first undisputed landing on the islands is attributed to English captain John Strong, who, en route to Peru and Chile's littoral in 1690, explored the Falkland Sound and noted the islands' water and game.[22] The Falklands remained uninhabited until the 1764 establishment of Port Louis on East Falkland by French captain Louis Antoine de Bougainville and the 1766 foundation of Port Egmont on Saunders Island by British captain John MacBride.[D] Whether or not the settlements were aware of each other's existence is debated by historians.[25] In 1766, France surrendered its claim on the Falklands to Spain, which renamed the French colony Puerto Soledad the following year.[26] Problems began when Spain detected and captured Port Egmont in 1770. War was narrowly avoided by its restitution to Britain in 1771.[27] The British and Spanish settlements coexisted in the archipelago until 1774, when Britain's new economic and strategic considerations led it to voluntarily withdraw from the islands, leaving a plaque claiming the Falklands for King George III.[28] Spain's Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata became the only governmental presence in the territory. West Falkland was left abandoned, and Puerto Soledad became mostly a prison camp.[29] Amid the British invasions of the Río de la Plata during the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the islands' governor evacuated the archipelago in 1806; Spain's remaining colonial garrison followed suit in 1811, except for gauchos and fishermen who remained voluntarily.[29] Thereafter, the archipelago was visited only by fishing ships; its political status was undisputed until 1820, when Colonel David Jewett, an American privateer working for the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, informed anchored ships about Buenos Aires' 1816 claim to Spain's territories in the South Atlantic.[30][E] Since the islands had no permanent inhabitants, in 1823 Buenos Aires granted German-born merchant Luis Vernet permission to conduct fishing activities and exploit feral cattle in the archipelago.[F] Vernet settled at the ruins of Puerto Soledad in 1826, and accumulated resources on the islands until the venture was secure enough to bring settlers and form a permanent colony.[34] Buenos Aires named Vernet military and civil commander of the islands in 1829,[35] and he attempted to regulate sealing to stop the activities of foreign whalers and sealers.[29] Vernet's venture lasted until a dispute over fishing and hunting rights led to a raid by the American warship USS Lexington in 1831,[36][G] when United States Navy commander Silas Duncan declared the dissolution of the island's government.[37] Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement Depiction of a Falklands corral, shepherds and sheep in 1849 (painting by Royal Navy Admiral Edward Fanshawe) Buenos Aires attempted to retain influence over the settlement by installing a garrison, but a mutiny in 1832 was followed the next year by the arrival of British forces who reasserted Britain's rule.[38] The Argentine Confederation (headed by Buenos Aires Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas) protested against Britain's actions,[39][H] and Argentine governments have continued since then to register official protests against Britain.[42][I] The British troops departed after completing their mission, leaving the area without formal government.[44] Vernet's deputy, the Scotsman Matthew Brisbane, returned to the islands that year to restore the business, but his efforts ended after, amid unrest at Port Louis, gaucho Antonio Rivero led a group of dissatisfied individuals to murder Brisbane and the settlement's senior leaders; survivors hid in a cave on a nearby island until the British returned and restored order.[44] In 1840, the Falklands became a Crown colony and Scottish settlers subsequently established an official pastoral community.[45] Four years later, nearly everyone relocated to Port Jackson, considered a better location for government, and merchant Samuel Lafone began a venture to encourage British colonisation.[46] Stanley, as Port Jackson was soon renamed, officially became the seat of government in 1845.[47] Early in its history, Stanley had a negative reputation due to cargo-shipping losses; only in emergencies would ships rounding Cape Horn stop at the port.[48] Nevertheless, the Falklands' geographic location proved ideal for ship repairs and the "Wrecking Trade", the business of selling and buying shipwrecks and their cargoes.[49] Aside from this trade, commercial interest in the archipelago was minimal due to the low-value hides of the feral cattle roaming the pastures. Economic growth began only after the Falkland Islands Company, which bought out Lafone's failing enterprise in 1851,[J] successfully introduced Cheviot sheep for wool farming, spurring other farms to follow suit.[51] The high cost of importing materials, combined with the shortage of labour and consequent high wages, meant the ship repair trade became uncompetitive. After 1870, it declined as the replacement of sail ships by steamships was accelerated by the low cost of coal in South America; by 1914, with the opening of the Panama Canal, the trade effectively ended.[52] In 1881, the Falkland Islands became financially independent of Britain.[47] For more than a century, the Falkland Islands Company dominated the trade and employment of the archipelago; in addition, it owned most housing in Stanley, which greatly benefited from the wool trade with the UK.[51] Two battling ships, with one sinking Naval confrontation during the 1914 Battle of the Falkland Islands (painting by William Lionel Wyllie) In the first half of the 20th century, the Falklands served an important role in Britain's territorial claims to subantarctic islands and a section of Antarctica. The Falklands governed these territories as the Falkland Islands Dependencies starting in 1908, and retained them until their dissolution in 1985.[53] The Falklands also played a minor role in the two world wars as a military base aiding control of the South Atlantic. In the First World War Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, a Royal Navy fleet defeated an Imperial German squadron. In the Second World War, following the December 1939 Battle of the River Plate, the battle-damaged HMS Exeter steamed to the Falklands for repairs.[18] In 1942, a battalion en route to India was redeployed to the Falklands as a garrison amid fears of a Japanese seizure of the archipelago.[54] After the war ended, the Falklands economy was affected by declining wool prices and the political uncertainty resulting from the revived sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina.[48] Simmering tensions between the UK and Argentina increased during the second half of the century, when Argentine President Juan Perón asserted sovereignty over the archipelago.[55] The sovereignty dispute intensified during the 1960s, shortly after the United Nations passed a resolution on decolonisation which Argentina interpreted as favourable to its position.[56] In 1965, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 2065, calling for both states to conduct bilateral negotiations to reach a peaceful settlement of the dispute.[56] From 1966 until 1968, the UK confidentially discussed with Argentina the transfer of the Falklands, assuming its judgement would be accepted by the islanders.[57] An agreement on trade ties between the archipelago and the mainland was reached in 1971 and, consequently, Argentina built a temporary airfield at Stanley in 1972.[47] Nonetheless, Falklander dissent, as expressed by their strong lobby in the UK Parliament, and tensions between the UK and Argentina effectively limited sovereignty negotiations until 1977.[58] Concerned at the expense of maintaining the Falkland Islands in an era of budget cuts, the UK again considered transferring sovereignty to Argentina in the early Thatcher government.[59] Substantive sovereignty talks again ended by 1981, and the dispute escalated with passing time.[60] In April 1982, the Falklands War began when Argentine military forces invaded the Falklands and other British territories in the South Atlantic, briefly occupying them until a UK expeditionary force retook the territories in June.[61] After the war, the United Kingdom expanded its military presence, building RAF Mount Pleasant and increasing the size of its garrison.[62] The war also left some 117 minefields containing nearly 20,000 mines of various types, including anti-vehicle and anti-personnel mines.[63] Due to the large number of deminer casualties, initial attempts to clear the mines ceased in 1983.[63][K] Demining operations recommenced in 2009 and were completed in October 2020.[65] Based on Lord Shackleton's recommendations, the Falklands diversified from a sheep-based monoculture into an economy of tourism and, with the establishment of the Falklands Exclusive Economic Zone, fisheries.[66][L] The road network was also made more extensive, and the construction of RAF Mount Pleasant allowed access to long haul flights.[66] Oil exploration also began in the 2010s, with indications of possible commercially exploitable deposits in the Falklands basin.[67] Landmine clearance work restarted in 2009, in accordance with the UK's obligations under the Ottawa Treaty, and Sapper Hill Corral was cleared of mines in 2012, allowing access to an important historical landmark for the first time in 30 years.[68][69] Argentina and the UK re-established diplomatic relations in 1990, but neither has agreed on the terms of future sovereignty discussions.[70] Government Main article: Politics of the Falkland Islands Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence Government House in Stanley is the Governor's official residence. The Falkland Islands are a self-governing British Overseas Territory.[71] Under the 2009 Constitution, the islands have full internal self-government; the UK is responsible for foreign affairs, retaining the power "to protect UK interests and to ensure the overall good governance of the territory".[72] The Monarch of the United Kingdom is the head of state, and executive authority is exercised on the monarch's behalf by the governor, who appoints the islands' chief executive on the advice of members of the Legislative Assembly.[73] Both the governor and the chief executive serve as the head of government.[74] Governor Alison Blake was appointed in July 2022[75] and Chief Executive Barry Rowland was appointed in October 2016.[76] The UK minister responsible for the Falkland Islands since 2019, Christopher Pincher, administers British foreign policy regarding the islands.[77] The governor acts on the advice of the islands' Executive Council, composed of the chief executive, the Director of Finance and three elected members of the Legislative Assembly (with the governor as chairman).[73] The Legislative Assembly, a unicameral legislature, consists of the chief executive, the director of finance and eight members (five from Stanley and three from Camp) elected to four-year terms by universal suffrage.[73] All politicians in the Falkland Islands are independent; no political parties exist on the islands.[78] Since the 2013 general election, members of the Legislative Assembly have received a salary and are expected to work full-time and give up all previously held jobs or business interests.[79] As a territory of the United Kingdom, the Falklands were part of the overseas countries and territories of the European Union until 2020.[80] The islands' judicial system, overseen by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, is largely based on English law,[81] and the constitution binds the territory to the principles of the European Convention on Human Rights.[72] Residents have the right of appeal to the European Court of Human Rights and the Privy Council.[82][83] Law enforcement is the responsibility of the Royal Falkland Islands Police (RFIP).[81] Defence of the islands is provided by the United Kingdom.[84] A British military garrison is stationed on the islands, and the Falkland Islands government funds an additional company-sized light infantry Falkland Islands Defence Force.[85] The Falklands claim an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending 200 nmi (370 km) from its coastal baselines, based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; this zone overlaps with the EEZ of Argentina.[86] Main article: Military of the Falkland Islands Sovereignty dispute Main article: Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute The United Kingdom and Argentina both assert sovereignty over the Falkland Islands. The UK bases its position on its continuous administration of the islands since 1833 and the islanders' "right to self-determination as set out in the UN Charter".[87][88][89] Argentina claims that, when it achieved independence in 1816, it acquired the Falklands from Spain.[90][91][92] The incident of 1833 is particularly contentious; Argentina considers it proof of "Britain's usurpation" whereas the UK discounts it as a mere reassertion of its claim.[93][M] In 2009, the British prime minister, Gordon Brown, had a meeting with the Argentine president, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, and said that there would be no further talks over the sovereignty of the Falklands.[96] In March 2013, the Falkland Islands held a referendum on its political status: 99.8% of votes cast favoured remaining a British overseas territory.[97][98] Argentina does not recognise the Falkland Islanders as a partner in negotiations.[90][99][100] Geography Main article: Geography of the Falkland Islands Topographic image Map of the Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands have a land area of 4,700 sq mi (12,000 km2) and a coastline estimated at 800 mi (1,300 km).[101] The archipelago consists of two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland, and 776 smaller islands.[102] The islands are predominantly mountainous and hilly,[103] with the major exception being the depressed plains of Lafonia (a peninsula forming the southern part of East Falkland).[104] The Falklands consists of continental crust fragments resulting from the break-up of Gondwana and the opening of the South Atlantic that began 130 million years ago. The islands are located in the South Atlantic Ocean, on the Patagonian Shelf, about 300 mi (480 km) east of Patagonia in southern Argentina.[105] The Falklands' approximate location is latitude 51°40′ – 53°00′ S and longitude 57°40′ – 62°00′ W.[106] The archipelago's two main islands are separated by the Falkland Sound,[107] and its deep coastal indentations form natural harbours.[108] East Falkland houses Stanley (the capital and largest settlement),[106] the UK military base at RAF Mount Pleasant, and the archipelago's highest point: Mount Usborne, at 2,313 ft (705 m).[107] Outside of these significant settlements is the area colloquially known as "Camp", which is derived from the Spanish term for countryside (Campo).[109] The climate of the islands is cold, windy and humid maritime.[105] Variability of daily weather is typical throughout the archipelago.[110] Rainfall is common over half of the year, averaging 610 mm (24 in) in Stanley, and sporadic light snowfall occurs nearly all year.[103] The temperature has historically stayed between 21.1 and −11.1 °C (70.0 and 12.0 °F) in Stanley, with mean monthly temperatures varying from 9 °C (48 °F) early in the year to −1 °C (30 °F) in July.[110] Strong westerly winds and cloudy skies are common.[103] Although numerous storms are recorded each month, conditions are normally calm.[110] Biodiversity Main article: Wildlife of the Falkland Islands Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore Colony of southern rockhopper penguins on Saunders Island The Falkland Islands are biogeographically part of the Antarctic zone,[111] with strong connections to the flora and fauna of Patagonia in mainland South America.[112] Land birds make up most of the Falklands' avifauna; 63 species breed on the islands, including 16 endemic species.[113] There is also abundant arthropod diversity on the islands.[114] The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native vascular species.[115] More than 400 species of lichens and lichen-dwelling fungi have been recorded.[116] The islands' only native terrestrial mammal, the warrah, was hunted to extinction by European settlers.[117] The islands are frequented by marine mammals, such as the southern elephant seal and the South American fur seal, and various types of cetaceans; offshore islands house the rare striated caracara. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest albatross colonies on the planet.[118] Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus Galaxias.[114] The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of dwarf shrubs.[119] Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep.[120] Introduced species include reindeer, hares, rabbits, Patagonian foxes, brown rats and cats.[121] Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands.[122] The extent of human impact on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change.[112] Economy Main article: Economy of the Falkland Islands Aerial photograph of small seaside city Stanley is the financial centre of the Falkland Islands' economy.[123] The economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the 222nd largest out of 229 in the world by GDP (PPP), but ranks 5th worldwide by GDP (PPP) per capita.[124] The unemployment rate was 1% in 2016, and inflation was calculated at 1.4% in 2014.[120] Based on 2010 data, the islands have a high Human Development Index of 0.874[4] and a moderate Gini coefficient for income inequality of 34.17.[125] The local currency is the Falkland Islands pound, which is pegged to the British pound sterling.[126] Economic development was advanced by ship resupplying and sheep farming for high-quality wool.[127] The main sheep breeds in the Falkland Islands are Polwarth and Corriedale.[128] During the 1980s, although ranch under-investment and the use of synthetic fibres damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an exclusive economic zone and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone".[129] Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field exploration and tourism.[130] All large settlements are now connected by road and, since 2008, a ferry links West and East Falkland. [131] The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, building materials and clothing.[120] The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp.[132] Fear of dependence on fishing licences and threats from overfishing, illegal fishing and fish market price fluctuations led to increased interest in oil drilling as an alternative source of revenue; as of 2001 exploration efforts had yet to find "exploitable reserves".[123] Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom.[129] The primary sector of the economy accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population.[133] A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer.[134] Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in Antarctic exploration and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America.[135] Tourists, mostly cruise ship passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and wreck diving; the majority find accommodation in Stanley.[136] The main international airport, located at RAF Mount Pleasant on East Falkland, provides flights to RAF Brize Norton in the UK and mainland South America.[131] Port Stanley Airport provides internal flights.[137] Despite CVID-19 pandemic restrictions caused suspensions of flights from Santiago and São Paulo and prohibited cruise ship tourism, the economy of the islands remains stable and healthy.[138] Demographics See also: Origins of Falkland Islanders and Religion in the Falkland Islands Photograph of a building Christ Church Cathedral, the local parish church of the Anglican Communion. Most Falklanders identify themselves as Christian. The Falkland Islands population is homogeneous, mostly descended from Scottish and Welsh immigrants who settled in the territory after 1833.[139] The Falkland-born population are also descended from English and French people, Gibraltarians, Scandinavians and South Americans. The 2016 census indicated that 43% of residents were born on the archipelago, with foreign-born residents assimilated into local culture. The legal term for the right of residence is "belonging to the islands".[140][141] In 1983, full British citizenship was given to Falkland Islanders under the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act.[139] A significant population decline affected the archipelago in the 20th century, with many young islanders moving overseas in search of education, a modern lifestyle, and better job opportunities,[142] particularly to the British city of Southampton, which came to be known in the islands as "Stanley North".[143] In recent years, the islands' population decline has reduced, thanks to immigrants from the United Kingdom, Saint Helena, and Chile.[144] In the 2012 census, a majority of residents listed their nationality as Falkland Islander (59 per cent), followed by British (29 per cent), Saint Helenian (9.8 per cent), and Chilean (5.4 per cent).[145] A small number of Argentines also live on the islands.[146] The Falkland Islands have a low population density.[147] According to the 2012 census, the average daily population of the Falklands was 2,932, excluding military personnel serving in the archipelago and their dependents.[N] A 2012 report counted 1,300 uniformed personnel and 50 British Ministry of Defence civil servants present in the Falklands.[134] Stanley (with 2,121 residents) is the most-populous location on the archipelago, followed by Mount Pleasant (369 residents, primarily air-base contractors) and Camp (351 residents).[145] The islands' age distribution is skewed towards working age (20–60). Males outnumber females (53 to 47 per cent), and this discrepancy is most prominent in the 20–60 age group.[140] In the 2012 census, most islanders identified themselves as Christian (66 per cent), followed by those with no religious affiliation (32 per cent). The remaining 2 per cent identified as adherents of other religions, including the Baháʼí Faith,[148] Buddhism,[149] and Islam.[150][145] The main Christian denominations are Anglicanism and other Protestantism, and Roman Catholicism.[151] Education in the Falkland Islands, which follows England's system, is free and compulsory for residents aged between 5 and 16 years.[152] Primary education is available at Stanley, RAF Mount Pleasant (for children of service personnel) and a number of rural settlements. Secondary education is only available in Stanley, which offers boarding facilities and 12 subjects to General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) level. Students aged 16 or older may study at colleges in England for their GCE Advanced Level or vocational qualifications. The Falkland Islands government pays for older students to attend institutions of higher education, usually in the United Kingdom.[152] Culture Main article: Culture of the Falkland Islands Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink Gauchos from mainland South America, such as these two men having mate at Hope Place in East Falkland, influenced the local dialect. Falklands culture is based on the cultural traditions of its British settlers but has also been influenced by Hispanic South America.[144] Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants.[153] The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being British English; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish.[144] According to naturalist Will Wagstaff, "the Falkland Islands are a very social place, and stopping for a chat is a way of life".[153] The islands have one weekly newspaper The Penguin News,[154] and television and radio broadcasts generally feature programming from the United Kingdom.[144] Wagstaff describes local cuisine as "very British in character with much use made of the homegrown vegetables, local lamb, mutton, beef, and fish". Common between meals are "home made cakes and biscuits with tea or coffee".[155] Social activities are, according to Wagstaff, "typical of that of a small British town with a variety of clubs and organisations covering many aspects of community life".[156] See also Index of Falkland Islands–related articles List of islands of the Falkland Islands List of settlements in the Falkland Islands Outline of the Falkland Islands Notes  Spanish pronunciation: [ˈizlaz malˈβinas]  According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (falach), "wash" (failc), or "heavy rain" (falc).[8]  Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian John Dunmore concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal – although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."[21]  In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of Louis XV of France. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of George III of Great Britain.[23][24]  According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognized either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".[31]  Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.[32] The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, HMG would take his settlement under their protection".[33]  The log of the "Lexington" only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.[36]  As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip ... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of Baring Brothers".[40] In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the Arana–Southern Treaty, which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.[41]  Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.[43]  There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the United Kingdom, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.[50]  The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.[63] Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.[64]  In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; however, his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.[66] Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.[66]  Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.[90][91][92] The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.[94] International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".[95]  At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.[145] References  "2016 Census Report". 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Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-265-6. Trewby, Mary (2002). Antarctica: An Encyclopedia from Abbott Ice Shelf to Zooplankton. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55297-590-9. Wagstaff, William (2001). Falkland Islands: The Bradt Travel Guide. Buckinghamshire, England: Bradt Travel Guides, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84162-037-4. Zepeda, Alexis (2005). "Argentina". In Will Kaufman; Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson (eds.). Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC–CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-431-8. Further reading Caviedes, César (1994). "Conflict Over The Falkland Islands: A Never-Ending Story?". Latin American Research Review. 29 (2): 172–187. doi:10.1017/S0023879100024171. S2CID 252749716. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Darwin, Charles (1846). "On the Geology of the Falkland Islands" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 2 (1–2): 267–274. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1846.002.01-02.46. S2CID 129936121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013. Escudé, Carlos; Cisneros, Andrés, eds. (2000). Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas. Buenos Aires, Argentina: GEL/Nuevohacer. ISBN 978-950-694-546-6. Work developed and published under the auspices of the Argentine Council for International Relations (CARI). Freedman, Lawrence (2005). The Official History of the Falklands Campaign. Oxon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5207-8. Michael Frenchman (28 November 1980). "Britain puts forward four options on Falklands (Nick Ridley visit & leaseback)". The Times. p. 7. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020. Greig, D. W. (1983). "Sovereignty and the Falkland Islands Crisis" (PDF). Australian Year Book of International Law. 8: 20–70. doi:10.1163/26660229-008-01-900000006. ISSN 0084-7658. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2011. Ivanov, L. L.; et al. (2003). The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People . Sofia, Bulgaria: Manfred Wörner Foundation. ISBN 978-954-91503-1-5. Printed in Bulgaria by Double T Publishers. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Falkland Islands.  Wikimedia Atlas of Falkland Islands Falkland Islands Government (official site) Falkland Islands Development Corporation (official site) Falkland Islands News Network (official site) Falkland Islands Profile (BBC) "Falkland Islands" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. Places adjacent to Falkland Islands  Argentina Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean  Chile Strait of Magellan Falkland Islands Falkland Islands Atlantic Ocean South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia Tierra del Fuego Drake Passage Drake Passage South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Southern Ocean South Orkney Islands Articles relating to the Falkland Islands Gnome-globe.svg Geographic locale Lat. and Long. 51°42′S 57°51′W (Stanley) vte Falkland Islands Capital: Port Stanley History 1770 Falklands crisis1833 British ReassertionHope PlacePort EgmontPuerto Soledad1982 invasionFalklands War Geography Islands ArchBaldBarclayBarrenBeaverBecherBeaucheneBeefBirdBleakerBobsBoxBrandyBrokenBurdwood BankBurntCarcassCochonCoffinDunbarDykeEarEast Falkland LafoniaEastEddystone RockElephant CaysEddystone RockFoxGeorgeGoldingGreatGreenHaltHighHogHummockJasonKelpKeppelKidneyLivelyLongNewNorth EastNorth PointPassagePebblePennPhillimorePleasantQuakerRabbitRugglesRumSamuelSandy BaySaundersSea DogSea LionSeal RocksShagSpeedwellSplitStaatsSwanTeaTussacTyssenWeddellWest FalklandWest PointWhisky Locations AirportAjax BayBay of HarboursBertha's BeachBrenton LochBull PointByron HeightsCampCape BougainvilleCape PembrokeChathamCircum PeakDarwinEagle PassageFalkland SoundFox BayFrenchGoose GreenGrantham SoundGreen PatchGullHill CoveHope HarbourHornby MountainsHorseJohnson's HarbourLafoniaLoopMount AdamMount AliceMount MariaMount UsborneMount WeddellNew HavenNew Year CoveNorth ArmPebble Island SettlementPillarPleasant PeakPort AlbemarlePort HowardPort LouisPort PattersonPort San CarlosPort StephensQuaker HarbourRaceSalvadorSan CarlosSeal BaySmylie ChannelStanleyStanley HarbourSwanVolunteer PointWeddell PointWeddell Settlement Military Falkland Islands Defence ForceMare HarbourRAF Mount PleasantRRH Mount KentRRH Byron HeightsRRH Mount Alice Politics Chief ExecutiveConstitutionFalkland Islands pound (currency)Government HouseGovernor listLegislative AssemblyRepresentative Office, LondonSovereignty dispute Economy Falkland Islands CompanyFalkland Islands Development CorporationFalkland Islands General Employees UnionFalkland Landholdings CorporationFalklands Oil and Gas Society Education Falkland Islands Community School(*)Falkland Islanders OriginsFalklands ConservationHuman rights LGBTLanguages Falkland Islands EnglishTelecommunications Internet domainTransportLaw Enforcement Culture Anglican parishCoat of armsFlagMottoReligion Christ Church CathedralRoman CatholicismScouting and Guiding Sport Commonwealth GamesCricket teamFootball teamRifle AssociationRugby union (*) Sixth-formers attend Peter Symonds College in England and national diploma/NVQ students attend Chichester College in England vte Countries, territories and dependencies of the British Crown Constituent countries of the United Kingdom EnglandNorthern IrelandScotlandWales Crown Dependencies Bailiwick of Guernsey AlderneyGuernseySarkBailiwick of JerseyIsle of Man Overseas territories Akrotiri and Dhekelia1AnguillaBermudaBritish Antarctic Territory2British Indian Ocean TerritoryBritish Virgin IslandsCayman IslandsFalkland IslandsGibraltarMontserratPitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno IslandsSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension IslandSaint HelenaTristan da Cunha Gough IslandSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsTurks and Caicos Islands Former colonies List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom 1 Sovereign Base Areas. 2 Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the Antarctic Treaty. vte British Empire Legend Current territoryFormer territory* Now a Commonwealth realmNow a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Culture:Anglosphere Europe 1542–1800 Ireland (integrated into the UK)1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 MinorcaSince 1713 Gibraltar1800–1813 Malta (Protectorate)1813–1964 Malta (Colony)1807–1890 Heligoland1809–1864 Ionian Islands1878–1960 Cyprus1921–1931 Irish Free StateSince 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia (before as part of Cyprus) vte Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena231792–1961 Sierra Leone1795–1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island23Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha231806–1910 Cape of Good Hope1807–1808 Madeira1810–1968 Mauritius1816–1965 The Gambia1856–1910 Natal1862–1906 Lagos1868–1966 Basutoland61874–1957 Gold Coast71882–1922 Egypt 1884–1900 Niger Coast1884–1966 Bechuanaland81884–1960 Somaliland1887–1897 Zululand1890–1962 Uganda1890–1963 Zanzibar91891–1964 Nyasaland101891–1907 Central Africa1893–1968 Swaziland111895–1920 East Africa1899–1956 Sudan 1900–1914 Northern Nigeria1900–1914 Southern Nigeria1900–1910 Orange River1900–1910 Transvaal1903–1976 Seychelles1910–1931 South Africa1914–1960 Nigeria1915–1931 South-West Africa121919–1961 Cameroons131920–1963 Kenya1922–1961 Tanganyika131923–1965 and 1979–1980 Southern Rhodesia141924–1964 Northern Rhodesia15 6. Now Lesotho.7. Now Ghana.8. Now Botswana.9. Now part of Tanzania.10. Now Malawi.11. Now named Eswatini.12. Now Namibia.13. League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of Cameroon, while Tanganyika is part of Tanzania.14. Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.15. Now Zambia. vte Asia 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century 1685–1824 Bencoolen1702–1705 Pulo Condore1757–1947 Bengal1762–1764 Manila and Cavite1781–1784 and 1795–1819 Padang1786–1946 Penang1795–1948 Ceylon161796–1965 Maldives 1811–1816 Java1812–1824 Banka and Billiton1819–1826 Malaya1824–1948 Burma1826–1946 Straits Settlements1839–1967 Aden Colony1839–1842 Afghanistan1841–1997 Hong Kong1841–1946 Sarawak171848–1946 Labuan1858–1947 India181874–1963 Borneo 1879–1919 Afghanistan (protectorate)1882–1963 North Borneo171885–1946 Unfederated Malay States1888–1984 Brunei1891–1971 Muscat and Oman1892–1971 Trucial States1895–1946 Federated Malay States1898–1930 Weihai1878–1960 Cyprus 1907–1949 Bhutan (protectorate)1918–1961 Kuwait1920–1932 Mesopotamia191921–1946 Transjordan81923–1948 Palestine191945–1946 South Vietnam1946–1963 North Borneo1946–1963 Sarawak1946–1963 Singapore1946–1948 Malayan Union1948–1957 Federation of Malaya17Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory (before as part of Mauritius and Seychelles) 16. Now Sri Lanka.17. Now part of Malaysia.18. Now India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.19. League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty vte North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th centuries 1579 New Albion16th c.–1880 British Arctic Territories1583–1907 Newfoundland1605–1979 *Saint Lucia1607–1776 VirginiaSince 1619 Bermuda1620–1691 Plymouth1623–1883 Saint Kitts1624–1966 *Barbados1625–1650 Saint Croix1627–1979 *Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1628–1883 Nevis1629–1691 Massachusetts-Bay1632–1776 Marylandsince 1632 Montserrat1632–1860 Antigua1635–1644 Saybrook1636–1776 Connecticut1636–1776 Rhode Island1637–1662 New Haven 1643–1860 Bay IslandsSince 1650 Anguilla1655–1860 Mosquito Coast1655–1962 *Jamaica1663–1712 Carolina1664–1776 New-York1665–1674 and 1702–1776 New-JerseySince 1666 Virgin IslandsSince 1670 Cayman Islands1670–1973 *Bahamas1670–1870 Rupert's Land1671–1816 Leeward Islands1674–1702 East Jersey1674–1702 West Jersey1680–1776 New Hampshire1681–1776 Pennsylvania1686–1689 New England1691–1776 Massachusetts-Bay 1701–1776 Delaware1712–1776 North-Carolina1712–1776 South-Carolina1713–1867 Nova-Scotia1733–1776 Georgia1754–1820 Cape Breton Island1762–1974 *Grenada1763–1978 Dominica1763–1873 Prince Edward Island1763–1791 Quebec1763–1783 East Florida1763–1783 West Florida1784–1867 New Brunswick1791–1841 Lower Canada1791–1841 Upper CanadaSince 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818–1846 Columbia District/Oregon Country11833–1960 Windward Islands1833–1960 Leeward Islands1841–1867 Canada1843 Paulet affair1849–1866 Vancouver Island1853–1863 Queen Charlotte Islands1858–1866 British Columbia1859–1870 North-Western Territory1860–1981 *Antigua and Barbuda1862–1863 Stickeen1866–1871 British Columbia1867–1931 *Dominion of Canada21871–1981 *Belize1882–1983 *Saint Kitts and Nevis1889–1962 Trinidad and Tobago1907–1949 Newfoundland31958–1962 West Indies Federation1967–1983 West Indies Associated States 1. Occupied jointly with the United States.2. In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self-government through the Statute of Westminster. See Name of Canada.3. Gave up self-rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949. vte Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788–1901 New South Wales1803–1901 Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania1807–1863 Auckland Islands201824–1980 New Hebrides211824–1901 Queensland1829–1901 Swan River/Western Australia1836–1901 South Australiasince 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841–1907 New Zealand1846-1847 North Australia1851–1901 Victoria1874–1970 Fiji1877–1976 Western Pacific Territories1884–1902 Papua1888–1901 Rarotonga/Cook Islands201889–1948 Union Islands201892–1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands221893–1978 *Solomon Islands 1900–1970 Tonga1900–1974 Niue201901–1942 *Australia1907–1947 *New Zealand1914–1962 Samoa1919–1942 and 1945–1968 Nauru 20. Now part of the *Realm of New Zealand.21. Now Vanuatu.22. Now Kiribati and *Tuvalu. South America 1631–1641 Providence Island1651–1667 Willoughbyland1670–1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands41831–1966 GuianaSince 1833 Falkland Islands5Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands5 4. Now a department of Colombia.5. Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982. Antarctica and the South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena23Since 1815 Ascension Island23Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha23Since 1833 Falkland Islands1841–1933 Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia)1841–1947 Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand)Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory24Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands24 23. Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.24. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands). Historical flags of the British Empire  Category Commons Portal vte Countries and dependencies of South America Sovereign states Entire ArgentinaBoliviaBrazilChileColombiaEcuadorGuyanaParaguayPeruSurinameUruguayVenezuela In part France French Guiana South America (orthographic projection).svg Dependencies Falkland Islands / South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands UK vte Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories ArgentinaAustralia Heard Island and McDonald IslandsMacquarie IslandBouvet IslandChileFalkland IslandsFrench Southern Territories Amsterdam IslandCrozet IslandsKerguelen IslandsSaint Paul IslandNew Zealand NZ Subantarctic IslandsSouth Africa Prince Edward IslandsSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands "Peri-Antarctic" (meaning "close to the Antarctic") does not include territorial claims in Antarctica itself. vte Outlying territories of European countries Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information). Denmark Greenland France Clipperton IslandFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaFrench Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie LandCrozet IslandsÎle AmsterdamÎle Saint-PaulKerguelen IslandsScattered Islands in the Indian OceanGuadeloupeMartiniqueMayotteNew CaledoniaRéunionSaint BarthélemySaint MartinSaint Pierre and MiquelonWallis and Futuna Italy PantelleriaPelagie Islands LampedusaLampioneLinosa Netherlands ArubaCaribbean Netherlands BonaireSabaSint EustatiusCuraçaoSint Maarten Norway Bouvet IslandPeter I IslandQueen Maud Land Portugal AzoresMadeira Spain Canary IslandsCeutaMelillaPlazas de soberanía Chafarinas IslandsPeñón de AlhucemasPeñón de Vélez de la Gomera United Kingdom AnguillaBermudaBritish Antarctic TerritoryBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBritish Virgin IslandsCayman IslandsFalkland IslandsMontserratPitcairn IslandsSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da CunhaSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsTurks and Caicos Islands vte Spanish Empire Timeline–immersed Catholic MonarchsConquest of the Americas, Asia and the PacificTreaty of TordesillasItalian WarsHabsburgsGolden AgeWar of the League of CognacEncomiendasNew Laws in favour of the indigenousExpulsion of the MoriscosOttoman–Habsburg warsFrench Wars of ReligionBruneian–Spanish conflictAnglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)Piracy in the CaribbeanEighty Years' WarSpanish–Moro conflictThirty Years' WarFranco-Spanish War (1635–1659)Portuguese Restoration WarWar of the Spanish Succession Queen Anne's WarBourbonsBourbon ReformsWar of Jenkins' EarTreaty of Madrid (1750)Seven Years' WarNootka ConventionNapoleonic invasionThird Treaty of San IldefonsoIndependence of Spanish continental AmericasAdams–Onís TreatyLiberal constitutionCarlist WarsSpanish–American WarGerman–Spanish Treaty (1899)Spanish Civil WarIndependence of MoroccoIndependence of Equatorial GuineaWestern Sahara conflict Territories Europe SpainGibraltarKingdoms of Naples, Sicily and SardiniaMilanUnion with Holy Roman EmpireNetherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost FranceFranche-ComtéPyrénées-OrientalesUnion with Portugal Asia PhilippinesPacific Islands (Guam, Mariana, Caroline, Micronesia, Palau, Marshall)Northern TaiwanTidore North America FloridaNew Spain (Western United States, Mexico, Central America, Spanish Caribbean)Spanish Louisiana (Central United States)Coastal Alaska Central America TrinidadJamaicaHaitiArubaCurazaoBonaireBelize South America Venezuela, part of GuyanaNew Granada (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)Peru (Peru, Acre)Río de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Falkland Islands)Chile Africa Equatorial GuineaNorthern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby) Antarctica Terra Australis Administration Archivo de IndiasCouncil of the IndiesCabildoExequaturLaws of the IndiesPapal bullRoyal Decree of GracesTrial of residenceSchool of Salamanca Administrative subdivisions Viceroyalties ColumbianNew SpainNew GranadaPerúRío de la Plata Captaincies General ChileCubaGuatemalaPhilippinesProvincias InternasPuerto RicoSanto DomingoVenezuelaYucatán Governorates Castilla de OroCubaLa FloridaLa LuisianaNew Andalusia (1501–1513)New AndalusiaNew CastileNew NavarreNew ToledoParaguayRío de la PlataTerra Australis Audiencias BogotáBuenos AiresCaracasCharcasConcepciónCuscoGuadalajaraGuatemalaLimaManilaMexicoPanamáQuitoSantiagoSanto Domingo Economy Currencies Dollar (Peso)RealMaravedíEscudoColumnarioDoubloon Trade Manila galleonSpanish treasure fleetCasa de ContrataciónSpanish RoadGuipuzcoan Company of CaracasBarcelona Trading CompanyConsulate of the SeaCamino Real de Tierra AdentroCommerce Consulate of Buenos Aires Military Armies TercioArmy of FlandersFree Company of Volunteers of CataloniaIndian auxiliariesSpanish ArmadaShips of the lineRoyalistsLegión Strategists Duke of AlbaAntonio de LeyvaMartín de GoitiAlfonso d'AvalosGarcía de Toledo OsorioDuke of SavoyÁlvaro de Bazán the ElderJohn of AustriaCharles Bonaventure de LonguevalPedro de ZubiaurAmbrosio SpinolaBlas de LezoBernardo de Gálvez Mariners Christopher ColumbusPinzón brothersFerdinand MagellanJuan Sebastián ElcanoJuan de la CosaJuan Ponce de LeónMiguel López de LegazpiPedro Menéndez de AvilésSebastián de OcampoÁlvar Núñez Cabeza de VacaAlonso de OjedaVasco Núñez de BalboaAlonso de SalazarAndrés de UrdanetaAntonio de UlloaRuy López de VillalobosDiego ColumbusAlonso de ErcillaNicolás de OvandoJuan de AyalaSebastián VizcaínoJuan FernándezLuis FajardoFelipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán CortésFrancisco PizarroGonzalo Jiménez de QuesadaHernán Pérez de QuesadaFrancisco Vázquez de CoronadoDiego Velázquez de CuéllarPedro de ValdiviaGaspar de PortolàPere Fages i BeletaJoan OrpíPedro de AlvaradoMartín de UrsúaDiego de AlmagroPánfilo de NarváezDiego de MazariegosJerónimo Luis de CabreraPere d'Alberní i TeixidorGarcía López de Cárdenas Notable battles Old World Won ComunerosBicoccaRome (1527)LandrianoPaviaTunisMühlbergSt. QuentinGravelinesMaltaLepantoAntwerpAzoresMonsGemblouxOstendEnglish ArmadaCape CelidoniaWhite MountainBredaNördlingenValenciennesCeutaBitontoBailénVitoriaTetouanAlhucemas Lost Capo d'OrsoVienna (1529)PrevezaSiege of CastelnuovoAlgiersCeresoleBalearic Islands (1558)DjerbaTunisSpanish ArmadaLeidenRocroiDownsMontes ClarosPassaroManila BayTrafalgarSomosierraAnnualMactan New World Won TenochtitlanCajamarcaCuscoBogotá savannaPencoMataquitoGuadalupe IslandRecifeSan Juan (1595)BahiaColonia del SacramentoComuneros (Paraguay)Cartagena de IndiasCuerno VerdeTúpac Amaru IITúpac KatariPensacolaNewfoundlandSan Juan (1797) Lost La Noche TristeIguapeTucapelGuianaCuralabaComuneros (New Granada)Trinidad (1797)ChacabucoBoyacáCaraboboPichinchaAyacuchoGuamSantiago de CubaAsomante Spanish conquests Canary IslandsThe AmericasAztecMaya ChiapasYucatánGuatemalaPeténEl SalvadorHondurasNicaraguaChibchan NationsColombiaChileIncaPhilippines Other civil topics 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(1902)Encuentro-Alto Palena (1966)Laguna del Desierto (1994)Martín García Island (1973) Incidents Beagle channel maps (1898–1984)Corbeta Uruguay base (1976–1982)Falklands War (1982)Hope Bay incident (1952)Laguna del Desierto incident (1965)Snipe incident (1958)Soberanía (1978) vte English-speaking world English speaking countries About this image Further links Authority control Edit this at Wikidata General VIAF 1WorldCat National libraries SpainArgentinaGermanyIsraelUnited StatesJapanCzech Republic Other Faceted Application of Subject TerminologyMusicBrainz areaNational Archives (US) Portals: flag Argentina map South America flag United Kingdom icon Islands
  • Condition: In Excellent Condition
  • Options: Commemorative
  • Year of Issue: 2012
  • Currency: Queen Elizabeth II
  • Fineness: 0.5
  • Features: Commemorative
  • Material: Metal
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
  • Variety: Library of Congress
  • Country of Origin: United States
  • Colour: Silver

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