Medal F Maillart Tribute To Hugues Capet Dei Gracia Francorum Rex 1987 82 MM

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Seller: artistic.medal ✉️ (4,941) 100%, Location: Strasbourg, FR, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 186364733720 Medal F Maillart Tribute To Hugues Capet Dei Gracia Francorum Rex 1987 82 MM. 226-tir15 Medal in bronze from the Paris Mint (cornucopia hallmark from 1880). Minted in 1987. Copy showing some minimal traces of handling. Copy justified out of 1000. (777/1000) Engraver : Frédérique Maillart. Dimension : 82mm. Weight : 254 g. Metal : bronze . Hallmark on the edge (mark on the edge)  : cornucopia + br + 1987 + 777 / 1000. Quick and neat delivery. The support is not for sale. The stand is not for sale. Hugues Capet is a Robertian king and the founder of the Capetian dynasty. He was born around 939-941, probably in Dourdan1, and died on October 24, 996, probably in the uninhabited place called “Les Jews”, near Prasvillen 1. He was Duke of the Franks (960-987), then King of the Franks (987-996). Son of Hugh the Great and his wife Hedwig of Saxony, Hugh Capet is the heir of the powerful Robertians, a lineage competing for power with the Carolingian dynasty and the great aristocratic families of Francia in the 9th and 10th centuries, but, by his paternal grandmother Béatrice de Vermandois, he also descends from a Carolingian, Bernard king of Italy, grandson of Charlemagne. Hugues Capet was the first king to no longer use Germanic in favor of Old French4. The end of the 10th century saw the beginning of an economic and social revolution which would reach its peak around 11005. Agricultural progress, the beginning of land clearing and the increase in trade capacity brought about by the introduction of the silver denarius by the first Carolingians, led to an economic dynamic that was still timid but real. At the same time, the end of invasions and the continuity of personal wars led to the construction of the first private castles where peasants could find refuge. At the same time, the new warrior elite, the knights, entered into competition with the old Carolingian landed aristocracy. To channel these newcomers and to ensure the protection of their property, the aristocracy and the Church supported and exploited the peace movement of God. It is in this context that Hugues Capet was able to establish the Capetian dynasty. He benefited first of all from the political work of his father who managed to contain the ambitions of Herbert II de Vermandois, then to neutralize his lineage. However, this can only be done by helping the Carolingians, who had been completely ousted from the race for the crown since the fall of Charles the Simple, to maintain their position. In 960, Hugues Capet inherited the title of Duke of the Franks obtained by his father in exchange for the concession of the crown to Louis IV of Outremer. But, before achieving power, he must free himself from the tutelage of the Ottonians and eliminate the last Carolingians. It was with the support of the Church, and in particular of Bishop Adalberon of Reims and Gerbert of Aurillac, both close to the Ottonian court, that he was finally elected and crowned king of the Franks in 987. The relative weakness of Hugues Capet is paradoxically an asset for his election by the other great families with the support of the Ottonians, because he poses little threat in the eyes of the great vassals and for imperial ambitions. However, if the new king does not succeed in subduing his unruly vassals, his reign sees a modification of the conception of the kingdom and the king. Thus, Hugues Capet reconnected with the Church by systematically surrounding himself with the main bishops and approached the aristocracy by allying himself with the great territorial princes (the Duke of Normandy or the Count of Anjou), which strengthened his throne. This story of the first Capetian is best known to us thanks to the learned monk Richer of Reims. Francia occidentalis found itself definitively separated from the Empire and the first Capetian, like his successors, put all his energy into creating a continuous dynasty by consolidating his power over his domain and associating his son Robert the Pious with it on Christmas Day in the year 9876. In 996, on the death of his father, Robert the Pious was crowned. Thus founded, the Capetian dynasty reigned over France without interruption until the Revolution, then from the Restoration to 1848. This house also gave rise to lines of sovereigns in Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Hungary, Portugal and Brazil7. The study of the reign of Hugues Capet presents several problems caused by documentary gaps. No scholar of his time considered it necessary to write his biography. Scattered elements appear in the contemporary history written by the monk Richer of Reims, in the Correspondence of Gerbert d'Aurillac then in the work of Abbon de Fleury, all clerics and largely favorable to the new king. The confusing events that follow one another are difficult to reconstruct8. Childhood Hugues was perhaps born at the castle of Dourdan around 939-941n 2. He is the son of Hedwig of Saxony (sister of Otto I) and Hugh the Great. Imperial seal of Otto I, 968. On June 16, 956, Hugues the Great died in Dourdan and his son Hugues Capet was supposed to inherit a power of the first order: in Rome, the pope recognized him as “glorious prince of the Franks”. In the middle of the 10th century, the competition for the crown between Carolingians and Robertians began, and the victory of the latter was already almost inevitable9. Robertian legitimacy is further concretized through the play of alliances. There flows in the veins of Hugues Capet a little Carolingian blood brought by his paternal grandmother (Béatrice de Vermandois), but also german blood by direct ancestry. This origin would come from the Rhineland and not from Saxony according to Karl Ferdinand Wernern 3. Finally, his father had allied himself with the new king of Germany Otto I, whose sister Hedwig of Saxony he had married to thwart any desire of Louis IV over Lotharingia13. In total, on the death of his father, Hugues Capet theoretically inherited a prestigious title and a powerful principality. Origin of his nickname This nickname is perhaps a reference to the wearer of the abbey cope, derived from the cappa or cape of Saint Martin. Hugues was in fact, like his father, lay abbot of numerous abbeys, notably of the collegiate church of Saint-Martin in Tours, hence the perhaps ironic nickname of cappatus, "chapé", that is to say well equipped with abbeys. . It seems that it was Adémar de Chabannes who was the first to designate Hugh the Great as “king with the cope” in his chronicle around 103014. The first sovereign of the Capetian dynasty was not nicknamed Capet until the beginning of the 12th century, a time when the word chape became chaperon or hat, hence the legendary etymology given around 1180 by an Auxerre monk who made the king " the man with the hat" having not been able or willing to receive the crown: this historical legend forged a posteriori comes from the fact that the chronicles do not detail the progress of the coronation and the coronation of Hugues and that a certain propaganda makes The accession to power of Hugues Capet was a usurpation, since the application of hereditary law should have led Charles of Lorraine to the throne. As for the name “Capétien”, it appears for the first time at the end of the 12th century from the pen of an English chronicler, Raoul de Dicet15. The kingdom and society in the 10th century The Francia of the Robertians The Robertians Main article: Robertians. Genealogy of the Robertians between the 6th and 10th centuries Since the end of the 9th century, royal policy cannot be carried out without the descendants of Robert the Strong, including Hugues Capet. The granting of the crown having become elective, the greatest families of the kingdom competed for it. The Robertians took advantage of the youth and then the decline of Charles the Simple to ascend the throne. Eudes or Robert I, respectively great-uncle and grandfather of Hugues Capet, were kings of the Franks (888-898 and 922-923). However, his father Hugues the Great was confronted with the rise in power of Herbert de Vermandois who in turn controlled Vexin, Champagne and Laon, granted the archbishopric of Reims to his son Hugues and allied himself with Emperor Henry. the Birdcatcher16. The Robertian, who had already had to renounce the crown in 923 in favor of Raoul of Burgundy, for lack of a male heir capable of managing his principality16, placed the young Carolingian Louis IV on the throne in 936, although he had taken refuge with his uncle in England since the fall of his father Charles the Simple and devoid of any possessions in Francia17, emphasizing that it would be illegitimate to push to the throne someone who came from a lineage foreign to that of Charlemagne. This maneuver, however, allowed him to become the most powerful character in Francia in the first half of the 10th century: upon his accession, Louis IV gave him the title of dux Francorum (duke of the Franks), which again announced the royal title17. The king officially qualifies him (perhaps under pressure) as “second after us in all our kingdoms”11. He gained further power when his great rival Herbert de Vermandois died in 943, because his powerful principality was then divided between his four sons18. Map 1: The kingdom of Francia at the time of the last Carolingians. According to Theis 1990, p. 168. Hugues the Great then dominated numerous milling one hundred and fifty kilograms of wheat per hour, which corresponds to the work of forty slaves30. Yields from cultivated land can be as high as five or six to one. This progress frees up manpower for other activities. Pierre Bonnassie showed that, after the great famines of 1005-1006 and 1032-1033, the population became less and less exposed to dietary disorders and, consequently, to epidemics: mortality decreased31. We should not overestimate this era of economic and social renewal because change is only in its genesis and the peasantry is still the victim of bad harvests, as under the reign of Robert the Pious where we are witnessing, according to Raoul Glaber , to devastating famines where cannibalism is the rule in certain regions (1005-1006 and 1032-1033)31. Demographic growth and the increase in agricultural production are self-sustaining in a virtuous circle: they are the key to medieval renewal. Carolingian society gradually fades away. Thus, we see the disappearance of slavery in the South for the benefit of free peasants. Nevertheless, a new power asserts itself: banal lordship. From 990, the crumbling of the institutions of the previous era led to a new use, that of “customs”. In the 11th century, these were the rights demanded by the common lord and which no higher authority was capable of countering. However, the establishment of lordship did not prevent technical progress and agricultural advancement32. Denarius minted by the Vikings The silver denarius has been one of the main drivers of economic growth since the 9th century. The weakness of royal power led to the minting of coins by many bishops, lords and abbeys. While Charles the Bald had 26 coin minting workshops, Hugues Capet and Robert the Pious only had one in Laon33. The reign of Hugues Capet marks the apogee of the feudalization of money. This resulted in a reduction in the uniformity of the denarius and the appearance of the practice of re-minting money on the markets (we relied on the weight of the coin to determine its value). On the other hand, we are in a period where the increase in trade is supported by the increase in the volume of available metal. Indeed, the eastward expansion of the empire allowed the Ottonians to be able to exploit new deposits of silver. Robert the Pious's room for maneuver is small. However, the practice of trimming or transfers leads to completely harmful devaluations. Spiritual renewal Detailed articles: Order of Cluny and Abbey of Gorze. Consecration of Cluny III by Pope Urban II. National Library of France, 12th century. The Church was not spared from the disorders of the 9th and 10th centuries. Offices of abbots, parish or ecclesiastical, are given to lay people to form clienteles and monastic discipline is relaxed; the cultural level of priests becomes mediocre34. In counterpoint, the rare monasteries which have maintained irreproachable conduct acquire great moral authority. These honest monasteries receive numerous donations to obtain prayers of absolution, particularly postmortem35. The choice of abbots is increasingly oriented towards men of great integrity and some such as William of Aquitaine go so far as to give autonomy and immunity to monasteries which elect their abbot. This is the case for the abbeys of Gorze, Brogne and Cluny. Other monasteries use false certificates of immunity to acquire autonomy36. Among them, Cluny experienced the most remarkable development and influence. Under the rule of dynamic abbots such as Odon, Maïeul – a personal friend of Hugues Capet – and Odilon, the abbey led to other monasteries attached to it, and soon constituted a very powerful order (in 994, the The order of Cluny already has thirty-four convents)37. One of the great strengths of Cluny is to recruit a good part of its members and particularly its abbots from the high aristocracy38. These monasteries are the spearhead of a profound movement of monastic reform. Their moralizing work soon affected all levels of society. In particular, she attempts to channel chivalry through the movement of the Peace of God then the Truce of God. This very influential movement pushes for the creation of stable and peaceful states. These reformers remember the Carolingian Empire which supported the Benedictine reform, the founding of numerous abbeys and their spiritual flourishing, relying largely on the Church to govern. The rise in power of the Ottonians gave them the opportunity to work towards the reconstitution of a universal empire. Hugues Capet, a secular abbot but actively supporting the reform, is an ideal candidate to occupy the throne of Francia because he is On June 16, 956, Hugues the Great died in Dourdan and his son Hugues Capet was supposed to inherit a power of the first order: in Rome, the pope recognized him as “glorious prince of the Franks”. In the middle of the 10th century, the competition for the crown between Carolingians and Robertians began, and the victory of the latter was already almost inevitable9. Robertian legitimacy is further concretized through the play of alliances. There flows in the veins of Hugues Capet a little Carolingian blood brought by his paternal grandmother (Béatrice de Vermandois), but also german blood by direct ancestry. This origin would come from the Rhineland and not from Saxony according to Karl Ferdinand Wernern 3. Finally, his father had allied himself with the new king of Germany Otto I, whose sist
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